Emissions profile from new and in-use handheld, 2-stroke engines

Volckens, John; Braddock, James N.; Snow, Richard; Crews, William

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.033

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Briefly, fuel-use statistics for on-road and off-road engines are available annually from the Federal Highway Administration and Energy Information Administration ( 40 – 42 ). Emission factors (in g/kg fuel) are based on a metaanalysis of roadway studies ( 1 , 25 ), laboratory measurements of off-road gasoline engines ( 43 – 45 ), and the EPA NONROAD model for off-road diesel engines. More details about emission factors for on-road vehicles are provided in SI Appendix .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected slowdown of US pollutant emission reduction in the past decade

Jiang

McDonald

Worden

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

174

179

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SignificanceEmissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have a large impact on air quality and climate change as precursors in the formation of ozone and secondary aerosols. We find that NOx emissions have not been decreasing as expected in recent years (2011–2015) when comparing top-down estimates from satellites and surface NO2 measurements to the trends predicted from the US Environmental Protection Agency’s emission inventory data. The discrepancy can be explained by the growing relative contribution of industrial, area, and off-road mobile sources of emissions, decreasing relative contribution of on-road gasoline vehicles, and slower than expected decreases in on-road diesel NOx emissions, with implications for air-quality management.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected slowdown of US pollutant emission reduction in the past decade

Jiang

McDonald

Worden

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

174

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These findings indicate that potential errors in VOC emission estimates for lawn and garden equipment in metropolitan areas may be large, comparable in magnitude to emission reductions achievable with control measures such as the use of reformulated gasoline. 9 It should also be noted that when emission estimates were adjusted to account for the presence of older equipment in survey-derived equipment populations (as compared with NONROAD's default age distributions), survey-derived VOC emission estimates increased by 34% and were virtually identical to VOC estimates produced by NONROAD data-which points to possible "compensating errors" in the NONROAD model. (Emission estimates for other pollutants increased by a smaller percentage after age adjustments and remained 24 -52% lower than emission estimates produced by NONROAD default data.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…8 Results of a brief literature review indicated that NONROAD emission factors for two-stroke lawn and garden equipment are consistent with recent engine tests. 9 However, further research is needed in this area because there are few studies on emission factors from these engine categories. Because the NONROAD model was designed to use local data when available, 3 surveys of residential and commercial lawn and garden equipment in the Baltimore area were used in this project to develop region-specific estimates of equipment populations and activity that could be incorporated into the NONROAD model.…”

Section: Nonroad Model Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvements to Lawn and Garden Equipment Emissions Estimates for Baltimore, Maryland

Reid

Pollard

Sullivan

et al. 2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Lawn and garden equipment are a significant source of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants in suburban and urban areas. Emission estimates for this source category are typically prepared using default equipment populations and activity data contained in emissions models such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) NONROAD model or the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) OFFROAD model. Although such default data may represent national or state averages, these data are unlikely to reflect regional or local differences in equipment usage patterns because of variations in climate, lot sizes, and other variables. To assess potential errors in lawn and garden equipment emission estimates produced by the NONROAD model and to demonstrate methods that can be used by local planning agencies to improve those emission estimates, this study used bottom-up data collection techniques in the Baltimore metropolitan area to develop local equipment population, activity, and temporal data for lawn and garden equipment in the area. Results of this study show that emission estimates of VOCs, particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) for the Baltimore area that are based on local data collected through surveys of residential and commercial lawn and garden equipment users are 24-56% lower than estimates produced using NONROAD default data, largely because of a difference in equipment populations for high-usage commercial applications. Survey-derived emission estimates of PM and VOCs are 24 and 26% lower than NONROAD default estimates, respectively, whereas survey-derived emission estimates for CO, CO2, and NO(x) are more than 40% lower than NONROAD default estimates. In addition, study results show that the temporal allocation factors applied to residential lawn and garden equipment in the NONROAD model underestimated weekend activity levels by 30% compared with survey-derived temporal profiles.

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“…These small two-stroke engines emit a variety of pollutants which include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter. These engines contribute about 10.5% and 4.8% of HC and CO emissions respectively (EPA, 2005) and even emit more smoke than four stroke engines running on gasoline only, because they burn an oil-gas mixture which result in lack of emission controls and sometimes end up being irregularly maintained (Volckens, Braddock, Snow, & Crews, 2007).…”

Section: Previous Studies On Emissions From Handheld Spark Ignition Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of a reformulated gasoline containing 10% ethanol resulted in a 15% decrease in HC and a 29% decrease in CO emissions, on an average. Increasing oil content of 2-stroke engine fuels result in a substantial increase of PM2.5 emissions as well as smaller increase in HC and CO emissions (Volckens, Braddock, Snow, & Crews, 2007).…”

Section: Previous Studies On Emissions From Handheld Spark Ignition Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Particulate Matter Size, Concentration and Mass Emissions from Small Handheld 2-Stroke Spark Ignition Engines

Maddineni¹

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Investigation of Particulate Matter Size, Concentration and Mass Emissions from Small Handheld 2-Stroke Spark Ignition Engines Yashwanth Chowdary Maddineni Quality of air, change in the climate and exposure of humans to pollutants have become major concerns globally over the past decade. Particulate matter has been linked to many adverse health effects. Internal combustion engines are major source of PM emissions. Knowing the adverse health effects of particulate matter, the regulatory agencies are in the process of introducing strict regulations to limit the quantity of PM emitted by off-road small handheld gasoline engines. Two-stroke small engines typically emit more smoke as they burn oil-gasoline mixture compared to four-stroke engines running on gasoline only. Current regulations in the United States for these engines regulate only HC+NOx and CO emissions. In spite of their contribution to atmospheric pollution and negative health effects, the PM emissions from handheld, two-stroke engines are yet to be regulated. This led to this study of particulate matter emissions from these engines. The main objective of this study was to measure particulate matter size, concentration and mass distributions from 2-stroke handheld 25cc weed whacker engine and to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on these emissions in removal of volatile fractions. The exhaust sample was heat treated to different temperatures (200 °C, 150 °C, and 100 °C) before measuring the distributions to better understand what fraction of particulate matter is solid or volatile. Tests were performed in Center for Alternate Fuels, Engines and Emissions Laboratory (CAFEE) at West Virginia University. A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) Model was used for measuring the particle size distribution and concentrations. The engine was operated at two steady-state modes (wide open throttle) WOT and Idle mode. The WOT mode resulted in a count median diameter (CMD) of 14.1nm when heat treated the sample to 200 ºC compared to 32.1nm for sample in CVS whereas the idle mode resulted in CMD of 5.94nm and 31.1nm respectively. This indicated the existence of volatile particles. These Nano-particles are proved to be harmful to health. Results obtained from the data for the sample in CVS and compared to the data for the heat treated samples, show that the influence of volatile fraction on PM size distribution is reduced with increase in sample conditioning temperatures. The density function used for mass distribution calculations by SMPS does not take diameter of the particle into consideration and so these calculations were compared with the mass distribution calculated by using IPSD method or effective particle density method since previous studies indicated that at ultra-low emission levels this method proved to give more precise results. This comparison resulted in a good correlation in the particle mass distribution given by SMPS.

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Emissions profile from new and in-use handheld, 2-stroke engines

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Unexpected slowdown of US pollutant emission reduction in the past decade

Unexpected slowdown of US pollutant emission reduction in the past decade

Improvements to Lawn and Garden Equipment Emissions Estimates for Baltimore, Maryland

Investigation of Particulate Matter Size, Concentration and Mass Emissions from Small Handheld 2-Stroke Spark Ignition Engines

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