“…Research studies generally focus on positive emotional responses, highlighting their connection to the learning process and the stimulation of environmental awareness and environmentally responsible behaviour [Ballantyne & Packer, 2016;Dillard, 2012;Packer & Ballantyne, 2010;Powell & Bullock, 2014]. The studies developed by our research group have contributed to this discussion by adding the role of negative emotions in the learning process [Massarani, Bizerra et al, 2022;Scalfi, Massarani, Gonçalves & Marandino, 2022;Rowe et al, 2023]. For example, Doubt, an emotion initially considered negative, surfaced 16 times in important instances, and stimulated group discussion, prompting comparison, correction and knowledge construction skills to attribute meaning to what they saw.…”