“…As well, teacher autonomy support has been associated with higher levels of positive emotionality (Patrick, Skinner, & Connell, 1993), well-being (Black & Deci, 2000), engagement (Jang, Reeve, & Deci, 2010), conceptual understanding (Benware & Deci, 1984;Grolnick & Ryan, 1987), and school performance and intention to persist (Hardre & Reeve, 2003), and lower levels of dropout (Vallerand, Fortier, & Guay, 1997). Teacher autonomy support has been associated with higher levels of heart rate and emotional arousal (physiological indicators of positive engagement; Streb et al, 2015) as well as lower levels of salivary cortisol (a physiological indicator of stress; Reeve & Tseng, 2011), too. It is important to note that comparable findings have been observed among medical students Williams, Saizow, Ross, & Deci, 1997), law students (Sheldon & Krieger, 2007), and students outside the US (Chirkov & Ryan, 2001).…”