Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children

Clark, Kenneth B.; Clark, Mamie P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-37819-9_7

Cited by 346 publications

(449 citation statements)

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“…The Clark and Clark (1947) studies have been heavily criticized on methodological and conceptual grounds, leading other researchers to argue that the conclusion of self-hatred was unfounded (e.g., Hraba & Grant, 1972). When the doll study was replicated with additional controls, some researchers found a Black preference among Black children (e.g., Hraba & Grant, 1972), whereas others found a White preference (e.g., Justice, Lindsey, & Morrow, 1999;Spencer & Markstrom-Adams, 1990), or either no preference or mixed results (e.g., Branch & Newcombe, 1986;Farrell & Olson, 1983).…”

Section: Skin Tone Preferences and Stereotypes In Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Skin tone bias among African Americans: Antecedents and consequences across the life span

Adams

Kurtz‐Costes

Hoffman

2016

Developmental Review

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A B S T R A C TThis article is a developmental review of research on skin tone bias and its consequences for African Americans. In the first section of the paper, we summarize research findings on skin tone attitudes, preferences, and stereotypes from childhood through adulthood. Next we summarize literature regarding African Americans as the target of skin tone bias. This section is organized in terms of individual and contextual factors that shape whether and how skin tone bias occurs; factors that moderate the target's reaction to such bias; and consequences of bias, including psychosocial and health outcomes, economic and educational disparities, and repercussions within the legal system. We conclude by discussing limitations of the extant research.In a society where racism is still common, skin tone is a visible cue that activates culturally embedded prejudices and stereotypes that may lead to race-based discrimination. This review summarizes research on skin tone bias toward African Americans, filling a gap in the existing literature by considering skin tone bias both from the perspective of the perceiver and the target; by examining age differences in effects; and by delineating antecedents, moderators, and consequences that shape the experiences of skin tone bias. We begin by discussing a few lexical and methodological considerations, then review empirical findings (mostly 1990 to present) on skin tone attitudes, preferences, and stereotypes during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood from the perspective of the perceiver.

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Section: Skin Tone Preferences and Stereotypes In Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In their classic doll studies, Clark and Clark (1947) assessed Black children's attitudes toward their skin color. The landmark doll study used a sample of 253 Black children aged three to seven from segregated and non-segregated schools.…”

Section: Skin Tone Preferences and Stereotypes In Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin tone bias among African Americans: Antecedents and consequences across the life span

Adams

Kurtz‐Costes

Hoffman

2016

Developmental Review

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“…Clark and Clark [1950] found that typically developing African-American children demonstrated a preference for the fair skinned doll and also identified themselves with a skin color markedly lighter than their own. Clark concluded that a possible explanation for his findings was that black children developed an internalized stigma towards the black community and therefore chose to associate with what was perceived as the societal ideal of the time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The doll test paradigm has been used since the 1940s to study attitudes and stigma. In a classic study, Clark and Clark [1950] investigated self-concept and internalized stigma in African-American school children by examining different attitudes to a dark and a fair-skinned doll. Doll studies have been used to study race and sexual identity [Jacobs, 1992; Wohlwend, 2012].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐concept in children with Down syndrome

Saha

Doran

Osann

et al. 2014

American J of Med Genetics Pt A

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Self-concept is a critical indicator of quality of life but few studies have examined this subject in children with Down syndrome (DS). In this study, we propose a novel methodology to assess the self-concept of children with DS by analyzing their responses towards two dolls, one with a “typically developing” (TD) appearance and one with the phenotypic features of DS. Fifty-four children with DS participated in play sessions with both dolls and were then interviewed to assess doll preference, resemblance, and attribution of positive qualities. We observed that children with DS: 1) exhibited a preference for the TD doll regardless of age, gender, IQ or self-awareness; 2) attributed more positive qualities to the TD doll than the DS doll; and 3) believed that they resembled the TD doll, rather than the more phenotypically accurate representation of themselves. Older participants were more likely to exhibit self-recognition by this technique. These findings contribute to current understandings of how people with DS view themselves and their disability.

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“…Thus, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that imitation-related neural regions (Caspers et al, 2010) are recruited to a greater degree when people imitate individuals from groups they perceive to be lower in social status. As stated previously, this hypothesis was based on findings that people tend to imitate those from lower status groups less frequently than those from high status groups (Clark and Clark, 1947; Liebert et al, 1972; Neely et al, 1973; Thelen, 1971) and that decreased familiarity has been associated with increased neural activity during imitation (Buccino et al, 2004; Vogt et al, 2007). Future studies are needed to test for a direct link between perceived social status and neural responses to race during imitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural processing of race during imitation: Self‐Similarity Versus Social Status

Losin

Cross

Iacoboni

et al. 2013

Human Brain Mapping

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People preferentially imitate others who are similar to them or have high social status. Such imitative biases are thought to have evolved because they increase the efficiency of cultural acquisition. Here we focused on distinguishing between self-similarity and social status as two candidate mechanisms underlying neural responses to a person’s race during imitation. We used fMRI to measure neural responses when 20 African American (AA) and 20 European American (EA) young adults imitated AA, EA and Chinese American (CA) models and also passively observed their gestures and faces. We found that both AA and EA participants exhibited more activity in lateral fronto-parietal and visual regions when imitating AAs compared to EAs or CAs. These results suggest that racial self-similarity is not likely to modulate neural responses to race during imitation, in contrast with findings from previous neuroimaging studies of face perception and action observation. Furthermore, AA and EA participants associated AAs with lower social status than EAs or CAs, suggesting that the social status associated with different racial groups may instead modulate neural activity during imitation of individuals from those groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that neural responses to race during imitation are driven by socially-learned associations rather than self-similarity. This may reflect the adaptive role of imitation in social learning, where learning from higher-status models can be more beneficial. This study provides neural evidence consistent with evolutionary theories of cultural acquisition.

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Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children

Cited by 346 publications

References 0 publications

Skin tone bias among African Americans: Antecedents and consequences across the life span

Skin tone bias among African Americans: Antecedents and consequences across the life span

Self‐concept in children with Down syndrome

Neural processing of race during imitation: Self‐Similarity Versus Social Status

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