Emotional Inhibition in Personality Disorders

Emotion dysregulation, symptoms, and interpersonal problems as independent predictors of a broad range of personality disorders in an outpatient sample

“…Other PDs beyond the more studied cluster B ones are associated with problems in emotion regulation, and these can contribute to patients' social dysfunction. Avoidant PD features poor emotional awareness and a tendency to suppress emotional experience and display (Nicol o et al, 2011;Popolo et al, 2014;Taylor, Laposa, & Alden, 2004). When arousal increases, these patients feel out of control, lose their ability to regulate affects, and remain a prey to symptoms such as anxiety or worry.…”

“…Dependent PD is described as featuring fear of abandonment and rejection, a condition that drives sufferers to lose self-regulation and desperately cling to others without thinking what is best for them, while being a prey to anxiety, depression, and anger they cannot control (Bornstein, 2012). Obsessive-compulsive PD tends to inhibit affects (Popolo et al, 2014), although recently Steenkamp et al (2015) found aspects of impaired ED in this PD as well. For example, patients are unable to engage in goal-directed behaviour when upset.…”

Gender Differences In Anxiety, Depression And Metacognition

“…A literature search revealed that all of the research on the evaluation of metacognitive contents was based on patients with specific psychic disturbances (disorders) such as schizophrenia (Ferrari, Bruscoli, & Pallanti, 2009;Lysaker & Buck, 2009;Popolo et al, 2015).…”

Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for Personality Disorders Swinging from Emotional Over-Regulation to Dysregulation: A Case Study

“…Other patients are prone to emotional dysregulation (ED), that is heightened sensitivity to emotional stimuli; they require more time to return to baseline and have difficulty adopting adaptive strategies for toning down arousal (Linehan;1993;Garner & Spears, 2000;Gross & John, 2003;Philippot & Feldman, 2004;Linehan, Bohus, & Lynch, 2007). Though ED is a hallmark of borderline PD (Linehan, 1993;Linehan et al, 2007;Carpenter & Trull, 2013), and is central to antisocial PD (Litt, Hien & Levin, 2003;Scott, Stepp & Pilkonis, 2014), it has been documented in almost all the other PDs (Sarkar & Adshead, 2006), such as dependent (Bornstein, 2012), narcisisstic (Fossati, Borroni, Eisenberg & Maffei, 2010;Twenge & Campbell, 2003;Ronninstam, 2009;Centifanti, Kimonis, Frick & Aucoin, 2014), paranoid (Salvatore, Russo, Russo et al, 2012), and avoidant (Popolo, Lysaker, Salvatore et al, 2014;Taylor, Laposa & Alden, 2004).…”

“…Patients swing from periods in which they are mostly unaware of their feelings (avoiding or suppressing them) to times during which they are overwhelmed by feelings. Typical examples are patients with avoidant PD: they inhibit their feelings (Taylor et al, 2004;Popolo et al, 2014) and enter states in which they are overwhelmed by shame or anger. Persons with narcissism are usually detached and aloof but swing to ED when others fail to provide the admiration they need.…”