Emotional restraint is good for men only: The influence of emotional restraint on perceptions of competence.

Heß, Ursula; David, Shlomo; Hareli, Shlomo

doi:10.1037/emo0000125

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Thus, priming participants with words related to cooperation and informing them that they were about to work together with an outgroup member was sufficient to eliminate group biases in emotion judgments. The finding is line with other research showing that motivational factors impact emotion decoding accuracy (Thibault et al, 2006) as well as empathic reactions in the form of facial mimicry (Hess et al, 2016). Here, changing participants' mindset by activating cooperation goals was sufficient to erase intergroup biases in ratings of expression genuineness.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, Warner and Shields (2007) note that restrained and controlled expressions of sadness in men are perceived relatively positively. In fact, signs of restraint might even be considered indicative of emotional intelligence in men (Hess et al, 2016). As such, low-intensity sadness expressions might have been deemed appropriate, especially in a sports context, where tears are more acceptable overall (MacArthur & Shields, 2015).…”

Section: Facial Emgmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bridging the empathy gap: or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions

et al. 2022

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Prior research suggests that group membership impacts behavioral and self-reported responses to others’ facial expressions of emotion. In this paper, we examine how the mere labelling of a face as an ingroup or outgroup member affects facial mimicry (Study 1) and judgments of genuineness (Study 2). In addition, we test whether the effects of group membership on facial mimicry and perceived genuineness are moderated by the presence of tears (Study 1) and the motivation to cooperate (Study 2). Results from both studies revealed group-specific biases in facial mimicry and judgments of genuineness. However, introducing cooperative goals abolished differences in judgments of genuineness of facial expressions displayed by ingroup and outgroup members. Together, the findings provide insights into how intergroup biases in emotion perception operate and how they can be reduced by introducing cooperative goals.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Facial Emgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bridging the empathy gap: or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions

et al. 2022

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“…When men narrate from the victim viewpoint, they may be more likely to inhibit sadness because gender socialization discourages admitting vulnerability (Winterheld, 2017). Men may feel more comfortable expressing sadness when they do not meet their partner's needs, because they prefer to view themselves as in control and capable of fixing the problem (Hess, Shlomo, & Shlomo, 2015). In contrast, women may be comfortable expressing sadness regardless of viewpoint because they are socialized to perceive sadness as gender appropriate (Brody et al, 2002;Feiring et al, 2017).…”

Section: Constructive Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Romantic Conflict Narratives in Emerging Adult Couples: Viewpoint and Gender Matter

2018

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Healthy romantic relationships entail understanding the needs of the self and other when interpreting conflict events. Yet how couples make meaning around specific conflicts and their capacity to reflect on their own and their partners’ unmet needs is understudied. Using narratives, we examined destructive (e.g., extreme anger and break‐up anxiety) and constructive (e.g., perspective taking) interpretations of past romantic conflicts in 80 emerging adult heterosexual couples and the extent to which such interpretations varied by viewpoint and gender. Couple members were interviewed separately about two conflict episodes in which their partner did not meet their needs (victim viewpoint) and two episodes in which they did not meet their partners’ needs (perpetrator viewpoint). As anticipated, destructive interpretations were more evident in the victim viewpoint and for female couple members. In contrast, within constructive interpretations, the use of insight was greater in the perpetrator than the victim viewpoint. Although perspective taking was expected to be more common in the perpetrator viewpoint and in female narratives, this was not the case, as this type of constructive interpretation was infrequent in narratives about conflict. The findings revealed aspects of meaning making that might be useful to mental health professionals concerned with building skills to improve romantic competence in emerging adult couples.

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“…This approach neglects informative aspects of expressive signals (see e.g., Ambadar et al, 2005 ; Krumhuber et al, 2013 ). Temporal characteristics only evident in dynamic displays impact both on the labeling of expressions and on the inferences about the expresser drawn from them ( Krumhuber et al, 2013 ; Hess et al, 2016a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dyadic Dynamics: The Impact of Emotional Responses to Facial Expressions on the Perception of Power

2018

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Emotion expressions play a central role in social communication, which, by definition is a dynamic process. Social communication involves the exchange of signals with temporal dynamic properties between two or more individuals. Nonetheless, emotion perception research has strongly focused on the study of single, static, unidirectional images. The goal of this research is to illustrate the dynamic nature of emotion communication by showing how the back and forth of a dyadic emotional interaction affects its perception by uninvolved observers. To that aim, we conducted three studies that investigated how observer’s inferences of social power are influenced by an exchange of emotions between members of a dyad. In Study 1, participants saw one person showing either anger or sadness to which the second member of the dyad reacted by showing either anger, fear or neutrality. In Study 1, only still photos were shown in sequence. In Studies 2 and 3, more dynamic stimuli and other emotions were included. Even though an angry expresser was always perceived as more powerful than a sad expresser, the emotional reactions of the interaction partner modulated perceived power. Across all three studies and different levels of dynamic stimuli, fear reactions always increased perceived power. Happiness, contempt and neutrality affected perceived power more selectively. This effect was mediated by the extent to which participants felt that the reaction of the second interaction partner suggested that the second interaction partner agreed with regard to the power differential between the two. Taken together, these experiments show that the social signal value of emotion expressions changes meaningfully as a function of the emotional response of the expressions’ target. Thus, the social signal value of emotions does not stand alone but has to be understood in the fuller context of the interaction.

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Emotional restraint is good for men only: The influence of emotional restraint on perceptions of competence.

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Bridging the empathy gap: or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions

Bridging the empathy gap: or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions

Romantic Conflict Narratives in Emerging Adult Couples: Viewpoint and Gender Matter

Dyadic Dynamics: The Impact of Emotional Responses to Facial Expressions on the Perception of Power

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