Emotional suppression in torture survivors: Relationship to posttraumatic stress symptoms and trauma-related negative affect

Nickerson, Angela; Garber, Benjamin D.; Ahmed, Ola; Asnaani, Anu; Cheung, Jessica; Hofmann, Stefan G.; Huynh, Ly; Liddell, Belinda J.; Litz, Brett T.; Pajak, Rosanna; Bryant, Richard A.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.048

Cited by 31 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Suppressing memories is often assumed to be unwise because the undesired remnants will backfire (2,(6)(7)(8)(16)(17)(18)(19). Rather than being the root of intrusive symptoms, our findings suggest that maladaptive and unsuccessful suppression attempts are a consequence of a compromised control system.…”

Section: A General Deficit In the Inhibitory Control Of Intrusive Memmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…T he expression and persistence of vivid, uncontrollable, and distressing intrusive memories is a central feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). After a traumatic event, attempts to suppress or avoid traumatic memories sometimes paradoxically increase the expression of intrusive memories (6)(7)(8). Successful treatments of intrusive memories involve overcoming such avoidance and suppression, as well as bringing back elements of the traumatic memory to promote its extinction or updating by the integration of a safe context (2,5,9,10).…”

Section: Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression

Mary

Dayan

Leone

et al. 2020

Science

180

167

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In the aftermath of trauma, little is known about why the unwanted and unbidden recollection of traumatic memories persists in some individuals but not others. We implemented neutral and inoffensive intrusive memories in the laboratory in a group of 102 individuals exposed to the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks and 73 nonexposed individuals, who were not in Paris during the attacks. While reexperiencing these intrusive memories, nonexposed individuals and exposed individuals without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could adaptively suppress memory activity, but exposed individuals with PTSD could not. These findings suggest that the capacity to suppress memory is central to positive posttraumatic adaptation. A generalized disruption of the memory control system could explain the maladaptive and unsuccessful suppression attempts often seen in PTSD, and this disruption should be targeted by specific treatments.

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Section: A General Deficit In the Inhibitory Control Of Intrusive Memmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression

Mary

Dayan

Leone

et al. 2020

Science

180

167

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“…Extant research has identified refugees as a population that may be especially likely to experience ER difficulties (Doolan, Bryant, Liddell, & Nickerson, 2017). Key aspects of the refugee experience, such as interpersonal trauma including torture and persecution, forced displacement, and post-migratory stressors such as family separation and visa uncertainty, have been associated with disruptions to adaptive ER (Nickerson et al, 2015(Nickerson et al, , 2016. Moreover, emerging research has identified emotion dysregulation as an important transdiagnostic factor relating to psychopathology among refugees.…”

Section: 考查在澳大利亚重新定居的难民中情绪调节、创伤暴露和精神病症的独特模式之间的关系：一个潜在类别分析mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the relationship between distinctive patterns of emotion regulation, trauma exposure and psychopathology among refugees resettled in Australia: a latent class analysis

Specker

Nickerson

2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Emotion regulation difficulties are common among individuals from refugee backgrounds. Little is known, however, about whether there are specific patterns relating to the types of emotion regulation strategies commonly employed by refugees, nor how this relates to psychopathology. Moreover, wider literature on emotion regulation has primarily focused on examining specific emotion regulation strategies in isolation, rather than patterns of emotion regulation across multiple strategies. Objective: The current study was the first to identify individual differences in patterns of habitual emotion regulation among refugees, and explore their unique associations with trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Method: Levels of trait reappraisal and suppression were measured among 93 refugees, using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the White Bear Suppression Inventory. A latent class analysis was conducted to identify distinct classes of participants based on differing levels of habitual engagement in reappraisal and suppression. The association between class membership and key variables indexing refugee experiences (e.g. trauma exposure) and psychopathology (e.g. PTSD symptoms and emotion dysregulation) were also examined. Results: Latent class analysis revealed three distinct profiles of habitual emotion regulation: a high regulators class (55.7%; high trait reappraisal/high trait suppression), an adaptive regulators class (23.6%; high trait reappraisal/moderate trait suppression), and a maladaptive regulators class (20.6%; low trait reappraisal/high trait suppression). Each class evidenced unique relations with trauma exposure and psychopathology. Compared to adaptive regulators, maladaptive regulators had more PTSD symptoms, experienced greater emotion dysregulation, and were more likely to be female, while high regulators had experienced more types of traumatic events. Conclusions: This study identified distinct patterns of emotion regulation among refugees. Our findings demonstrate the importance of measuring multiple strategies to uncover patterns of emotion regulation and better understand the links between emotion regulation and psychopathology, which has important implications for the development of effective treatment with traumatized refugees.

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“…La exposición repetida a situaciones traumatizantes determina un daño psíquico acumulativo que puede dar lugar a la entidad conocida como trauma complejo. Otras enfermedades psiquiátricas que se pueden asociar con haber padecido la tortura son la depresión, los trastornos por ansiedad, los trastornos del sueño, las disfunciones sexuales psicógenas y las adicciones, entre otras (6,12,24,27,(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) .…”

Section: Consideraciones Generales Sobre Los Efectos De La Torturaunclassified

Métodos de tortura del terrorismo de Estado en Uruguay y valoración médico-legal de su idoneidad para causar lesiones graves o gravísimas

Almada

Duhalde

Bazán

et al. 2019

RMU

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La Medicina Legal tiene entre sus misiones el diagnóstico de la tortura como forma de contribución a las investigaciones judiciales y a la reparación de las víctimas. En Uruguay se desarrollan numerosos procedimientos administrativos y criminales referidos al período del terrorismo de Estado (entre el 27 de junio de 1973 y el 28 de febrero de 1985). Si bien el delito de tortura es un delito de lesa humanidad imprescriptible, se tipificó en la Ley Nº 18.026 de 26 de setiembre de 2006. La jurisprudencia nacional ha desestimado su tipificación en los casos del período del terrorismo de Estado en base al principio de no irretroactividad de la ley penal. Paralelamente, la Fiscalía Especializada en Crímenes de Lesa Humanidad ha requerido numerosos informes respecto de la posibilidad de que los métodos de tortura aplicados por el terrorismo de Estado en Uruguay pudieran causar lesiones graves o gravísimas. Objetivo general: contribuir al conocimiento de los crímenes del terrorismo de Estado en Uruguay, aportando así a la realización de los estándares internacionales de verdad, justicia, memoria y reparación. Objetivos específicos: 1. Describir los métodos de tortura empleados. 2. Determinar su idoneidad para producir lesiones graves o gravísimas. Metodología: el estudio se basó en las investigaciones históricas nacionales sobre el terrorismo de Estado, así como en la jurisprudencia en la materia, la revisión de la bibliografía internacional, la fisiopatología de situaciones análogas y los actuales consensos nacionales sobre los supuestos fácticos incluidos en los tipos penales de lesiones graves y gravísimas. Resultados: en el período del terrorismo de Estado en Uruguay ha sido característica la aplicación de torturas a gran escala y en forma sistemática. Los métodos más habitualmennte aplicados fueron el encapuchamiento, la privación de agua, alimentos y reposo, la exposición al frío, las golpizas, incluido el teléfono, el plantón, el colgamiento, el caballete, el submarino húmedo y seco, la picana eléctrica y las agresiones sexuales. Los distintos métodos de tortura física incluyen un sufrimiento 42

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Emotional suppression in torture survivors: Relationship to posttraumatic stress symptoms and trauma-related negative affect

Cited by 31 publications

References 44 publications

Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression

Resilience after trauma: The role of memory suppression

Investigating the relationship between distinctive patterns of emotion regulation, trauma exposure and psychopathology among refugees resettled in Australia: a latent class analysis

Métodos de tortura del terrorismo de Estado en Uruguay y valoración médico-legal de su idoneidad para causar lesiones graves o gravísimas

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