Empirical and dynamic primary energy factors

Wilby, Mark Richard; González, Ana Belén Rodríguez; Díaz, Juan José Vinagre

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.083

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…(22) are set as 0.95 when single effect absorption chiller is used for cold production and 0.92 or 0.90 when double effect absorption chiller is used. The values of the PEF for the electricity mix considered in this study are 2.5 [17] and 1.3 [9]. The PEF DC in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 were calculated for a constant energy efficiency of the electricity generation when operation is related only to the production of electricity: η el = 0.37 for a steam turbine and η el = 0.55 for a combined cycle of gas and steam turbine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, his study did not follow a complete and replicable methodology and it did not include the losses associated with generation, storage and transportation. Wilby et al [9] claimed that fixed values of PEFs are not capable of representing the evolution of the energy system. He proposed an application to calculate dynamic PEFs based on empirical data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Energy Factor of a District Cooling System

Čož

Kitanovski

Poredoš

2016

SV-JME

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In the past decade, the EU has been taking a more active role in the field of improving energy efficiency, reducing energy consumption and exploiting renewable energy sources. In order to define the actual primary energy efficiency of various energy-related processes, the primary energy factor (PEF) can be used as a tool. The PEF enables a comparison between the input primary energy to the system and the energy delivered to the consumer. Its evaluation involves the energy required for the extracting, processing, storing and transporting to a power plant, energy conversion, transmission, distribution and the losses associated with these processes. The primary energy in this particular case includes the energy contained in the raw fuels as well as other forms of energy received as the input to the energy-supply system. It covers both renewable and non-renewable energy sources and the definition here is in accordance with EN 15316-4-5 [1], which states that '… waste heat, surplus heat and regenerative heat sources are included with the appropriate primary energy factors. ' A set of directives has been approved in order to reduce the energy consumption, increase the efficiency and exploit renewable energy sources. The PEF has been used as a significant metric in order to calculate the actual primary energy efficiency of different processes in several legislations, i.e., in Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency Beretta et al.[7] presented a method that provides a dynamic calculation of the PEF depending on the variation of time and geographical location. Laverge an Janssens [8] attempted to use empirical data to calculate the PEFs for a set of countries in a specific year. However, his study did not follow a complete and replicable methodology and it did not include the losses associated with generation, storage and transportation. Wilby et al. [9] claimed that fixed Primary Energy Factor of a District Cooling System

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Energy Factor of a District Cooling System

Čož

Kitanovski

Poredoš

2016

SV-JME

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“…The expected values for their distributions are summarized in and Portugal, according to [73]. Those countries are both characterized by significantly higher model based estimates of expected primary energy factors than those reported in [73]; for the Netherlands, also 2009 CO2eq emission factors according to [86] were significantly (22%) lower than model estimates for 2012, while the opposite holds true for Finland, which has very low carbon emissions.…”

Section: Calculation Of Water-energy-ghg Nexus Indicators For Electrimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those countries are both characterized by significantly higher model based estimates of expected primary energy factors than those reported in [73]; for the Netherlands, also 2009 CO2eq emission factors according to [86] were significantly (22%) lower than model estimates for 2012, while the opposite holds true for Finland, which has very low carbon emissions. A deeper analysis of model data reveals that Finland has the highest share of biomass and waste used for power generation in the EU-15, and that the model primary emission factors for biomass and waste are particularly high.…”

Section: Calculation Of Water-energy-ghg Nexus Indicators For Electrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-energy and GHG nexus assessment of alternative heat recovery options in industry: A case study on electric steelmaking in Europe

Santin

Saro

2017

Energy

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In the last few years, the water-energy nexus concept has emerged as a global issue in the international research community. However, studies on European countries are relatively few, and often focused on the energy sector and agriculture, even though industry dominates water use in many European countries. Cooling purposes represent the main part of industrial water demand, and waste heat recovery is perceived as a main strategy to improve industrial resource efficiency. In this paper, we consider a real case study of low-temperature waste-heat recovery in an electric steelmaking industry and evaluate the impact of feasible interventions on primary energy and water consumption, as well as on CO2 equivalent emissions. Based on a Europe wide review of energy and water prices, of energy sources and corresponding resource efficiency indicators, a Monte Carlo model was developed to undertake a generalization of the case study to the EU-15. It was found that, in spite of common intuition, solutions with the lowest primary energy demand and the lowest CO2 equivalent emissions demonstrate the greatest water footprint. This is especially the case of southern European countries, where heat recovery projects with the highest water intensity are economically feasible due to high electricity and low water prices. As increasing carbon prices may exacerbate this phenomenon, inducing a switch to more water intensive technologies, policy instruments for supporting industrial energy efficiency or carbon emission reduction should be carefully designed.

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Northern European nearly zero energy building concepts for apartment buildings using integrated solar technologies and dynamic occupancy profile: Focus on Finland and other Northern European countries

Reda

Fatima

2019

Applied Energy

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Empirical and dynamic primary energy factors

Cited by 29 publications

References 37 publications

Primary Energy Factor of a District Cooling System

Primary Energy Factor of a District Cooling System

Water-energy and GHG nexus assessment of alternative heat recovery options in industry: A case study on electric steelmaking in Europe

Northern European nearly zero energy building concepts for apartment buildings using integrated solar technologies and dynamic occupancy profile: Focus on Finland and other Northern European countries

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