“…In this context, Industry 4.0 represents a vision of intelligent systems and advanced technologies with many potential benefits for supply chains (Hahn, 2020;Liu et al, 2023) via cost reduction and maximum resource utilisation (Sundarakani et al, 2021), more efficient management of complex systems (Luthra et al, 2020), improvement in real-time connections between partners (Hofmann et al, 2019;Atif, 2023), more flexibility in operations (Fragapane et al, 2022) and implementing supply chain quality management (Wang and Shang, 2023); thus, it improves supply chain performance overall (Rejeb et al, 2021). Likewise, customer integration (CI) refers to the establishment of collaborative ties and strategic partnerships in supply chains (Zhang et al, 2022) and positively affects performance (Tang et al, 2022b).…”