EMTP analysis of the lightning performance of a HV transmission line

Modeling of flashover arcs in medium voltage networks due to direct lightning strikes

“…The concept of single conductor above ground plane is used to approximate the inductance of the metallic cross arm as [9],…”

“…Now, the total CFO for the flashover path is provided by the series combination of two insulators, which, of course, is higher, compared to the case of an earthed cross arm [3]. This means that the lightning impulse strength required to produce a flashover in ungrounded cross arm is higher than the earthed one.Previous studies have analyzed the transient performance of MV overhead networks due to direct lightning strikes [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In such studies, the flashover criterion for the insulators is usually modeled by the closing of a parallel switch when the voltage across it exceeds 1.5 times the line CFO [3].…”

A theoretical study on the consequence of a direct lightning strike to electrified railway system in Sweden

“…9. Insulator flashover and the soil ionization at the pole footing have been modeled in [29] using the ATP-EMTP. However, the models language (a feature in EMTP where one can write a small routine/program [30]) for insulator flashover and TACS-controlled resistor (a feature in EMTP) for representing the soil ionization phenomenon was used.…”

“…Further, we have different insulators on each conductor. Since the insulators in the present problem are not long enough detailed model of the flashover based on the corona/streamer/leader inception and propagation as in [29] was found not necessary.…”

Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation sources considering network parameters and protection issues

“…For example, attempts were made to locate and size DG sources in a distribution network to improve voltage profile, loss reduction, and short-circuit level reduction [3][4][5][6]. In order to tackle the protection challenges, a number of methods have been devised, including use of Fault Current Limiters (FCLs) [7], use of adaptive protection schemes according to fault location by a Supervisory Unit Controller Unit (SRCU) [8], and use of multiagent method [9]. The cost of implementing these methods is extremely high due to the required communicative infrastructures and new devices.…”