En búsqueda de un desarrollo integral: 20 ensayos en torno al Perú del Bicentenario

Beltrán, Arlette; Sanborn, Cynthia; Yamada, Gustavo

doi:10.21678/978-9972-57-469-6

2021

DOI: 10.21678/978-9972-57-469-6

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En búsqueda de un desarrollo integral: 20 ensayos en torno al Perú del Bicentenario

Arlette Beltrán

Cynthia Sanborn

Gustavo Yamada

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Cited by 5 publications

References 223 publications

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Older Working Persons and the Gender Pay Gap: Estimations Using Gender Norm Variables in Peru

Cruz Saco,

Gil,

Vergaray

2023

Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State &Amp; Society

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This study investigated the gender pay gap in Peru among older working persons, i.e. sixty years of age and older, who represent more than half of this population. Cultural and social gender norm variables were incorporated as regressors in a Mincer-type income model. Household surveys for the period 2004–2021 were used to estimate the total gap and regional heterogeneities. Three gender norm variables substantially increase the explained portion of the gender pay gap in the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition. We find that the estimated pay gap among older working persons is 68 percent, larger than the gender pay gap for younger workers as documented in diverse contributions.

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Older Working Persons and the Gender Pay Gap: Estimations Using Gender Norm Variables in Peru

Cruz Saco,

Gil,

Vergaray

2023

Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State &Amp; Society

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The Gender Wage Gap in Peru: Drivers, Evolution, and Heterogeneities

Vaccaro¹,

Basurto²,

Beltrán³

et al. 2022

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Despite the recent economic growth and gender equality improvement in educational attainment, important gender disparities remain in the Peruvian labour market. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Peruvian gender wage gap evolution during 2007–2018 and identifies key elements that explain its patterns. First, the article shows that the raw wage gap showed an upward trend between 2007–2011, ranging from 6% to 12%, and remaining around that top bound ever since. Second, using Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition we find that the unexplained wage gap has remained virtually unchanged at around 17% during the study period. Reductions in endowment differences between men and women coupled with a stagnant unexplained gap led to slightly larger raw wage gaps over time. Moreover, the stagnant unexplained gap suggests the presence of structural problems regarding social norms, gender stereotyping and potential discrimination that affects the wage gap. Third, we show that both at a national and regional level, gender wage gaps are larger within the lowest percentiles, and they mostly have a downward slope across the earnings distribution. Finally, after computing the raw and unexplained gap at the region‐year level, we show that smaller regional gender gaps are associated with (a) higher GDP, (b) lower levels of domestic physical violence against women, and (c) lower percentages of women as household heads.

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Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru

Saco

Gil

Campos

2021

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Using annual household surveys from 2004 to 2019, we examine the existence of a gender labor income gap among older persons in Peru. Two labor income models are estimated: Model 1 uses a basic set of demographic, socioeconomic, and personal characteristics as regressors (also called endowments); Model 2 uses the basic set plus additional personal characteristics. The Misner‐type relationship holds with positive returns for education and experience, and the anticipated association to the endowments. The Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition yields an explained labor income gender gap of 44.4% (Model 1) and 51.5% (Model 2), i.e., controlling for endowments, approximately one half of the labor income difference remains unexplained and can be attributed to discrimination and labor segregation. In light of these results, we estimate Model 3 with two additional variables (head of household and beneficiary of intergenerational private transfer) which attempt to capture gendered stereotypes. With these two variables which provide information on gender discrimination the explained labor income gap for Model 3 is 71.1%—an increase of 19.6%. The unexplained component of the difference in labor income amounts to 28.8% that we attribute to unobserved variables that operate as post‐labor market elements in patriarchal societies. Results show that gender inequity during a woman’s life‐span manifests acutely among older women, which raises important implications for policy interventions.

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En búsqueda de un desarrollo integral: 20 ensayos en torno al Perú del Bicentenario

Cited by 5 publications

References 223 publications

Older Working Persons and the Gender Pay Gap: Estimations Using Gender Norm Variables in Peru

Older Working Persons and the Gender Pay Gap: Estimations Using Gender Norm Variables in Peru

The Gender Wage Gap in Peru: Drivers, Evolution, and Heterogeneities

Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru

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