and numerous seminar participants for helpful comments. All errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

Despite the recent economic growth and gender equality improvement in educational attainment, important gender disparities remain in the Peruvian labour market. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Peruvian gender wage gap evolution during 2007–2018 and identifies key elements that explain its patterns. First, the article shows that the raw wage gap showed an upward trend between 2007–2011, ranging from 6% to 12%, and remaining around that top bound ever since. Second, using Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition we find that the unexplained wage gap has remained virtually unchanged at around 17% during the study period. Reductions in endowment differences between men and women coupled with a stagnant unexplained gap led to slightly larger raw wage gaps over time. Moreover, the stagnant unexplained gap suggests the presence of structural problems regarding social norms, gender stereotyping and potential discrimination that affects the wage gap. Third, we show that both at a national and regional level, gender wage gaps are larger within the lowest percentiles, and they mostly have a downward slope across the earnings distribution. Finally, after computing the raw and unexplained gap at the region‐year level, we show that smaller regional gender gaps are associated with (a) higher GDP, (b) lower levels of domestic physical violence against women, and (c) lower percentages of women as household heads.

About 3ie 3ie is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policyrelevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives. 3ie Replication Paper Series The 3ie Replication Paper Series is designed to be a publication and dissemination outlet for internal replication studies of development impact evaluations. Internal replication studies are those that reanalyse the data from an original paper in order to validate the results. The series seeks to publish replication studies with findings that reinforce an original paper, as well as those that challenge the results of an original paper. To be eligible for submission, a replication study needs to be of a paper in 3ie's online Impact Evaluation Repository and needs to include a pure replication. 3ie invites formal replies from the original authors. These are published on the 3ie website together with the replication study. The 3ie Replication Programme also includes grant-making windows to fund replication studies of papers identified on the candidate studies list. Requests for proposals are issued one to two times a year. The candidate studies list includes published studies that are considered influential, innovative or counterintuitive. The list is periodically updated based on 3ie staff input and outside suggestions. The aim of the 3ie Replication Programme is to improve the quality of evidence from development impact evaluations for use in policymaking and programme design.

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This note summarises our replication study 'Housing, Health, and Happiness', henceforth HHH2009, which constitutes an important paper in the literature of housing and slum upgrading. The original authors conduct a quasi-experimental impact evaluation of 'Piso Firme', an intervention that replaced in-house dirt floors with cement in Mexico. We conduct a Pure Replication (PR), a Measurement and Estimation Analysis (MEA), and a Theory of Change Analysis (TCA). In our PR, we did not find any major discrepancy with the original study. In the MEA, we generally find the results to be strongly robust to different types of alternative analysis. Finally, in TCA we explore a dimension that was not reported on the published version of the study and found that households with high initial levels of cement-floor coverage benefitted significantly less from Piso Firme's intervention. These findings are discussed in greater detail on International Initiative for Impact Evaluation's (3ie) working paper version.