“…57 Some methods can separate the enantiomers of the compound after using a chiral stationary phase such as Chiralcel OD columns. 308 Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Dokuz Eylul Univ. on 11/05/14…”
2 This review provides specific information concerning the interpretation and usefulness of antidepressant drug monitoring. Fifteen antidepressants (ADs) were selected based on their importance in the 7 major markets (Japan, USA, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Germany) according to the Cognos Plus Study #11. Literature data were reviewed concerning monitoring of the tricyclic ADs amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, and new generation antidepressants such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, mianserin, mirtazapine, bupropion, and milnacipran. In addition, St.-John's Wort was added as this natural antidepressant is very popular in Europe. The objectives of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for old and new generation ADs differs, as older ADs have narrow therapeutic windows with higher risks of severe drug interactions, while the new ADs have a wide therapeutic range, but an unclear plasma concentration-effect relationship. Therefore,
the purpose of TDM for new-generation ADs leads more to the monitoring of patient compliance and special patient groups such as the elderly, patients with liver and kidney impairment, patients with poor metabolism by CYP 450 and comedication with inhibitors and inducers of those enzymes.Keywords Depression, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, serotonin-antagonist and reuptake inhibitors, selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake enhancer, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, therapeutic drug monitoring, analytical methods, St. John's Wort.
25Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Dokuz Eylul Univ. on 11/05/14For personal use only. 26 S. M. R. Wille et al.
“…57 Some methods can separate the enantiomers of the compound after using a chiral stationary phase such as Chiralcel OD columns. 308 Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Dokuz Eylul Univ. on 11/05/14…”
2 This review provides specific information concerning the interpretation and usefulness of antidepressant drug monitoring. Fifteen antidepressants (ADs) were selected based on their importance in the 7 major markets (Japan, USA, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Germany) according to the Cognos Plus Study #11. Literature data were reviewed concerning monitoring of the tricyclic ADs amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, and new generation antidepressants such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine, mianserin, mirtazapine, bupropion, and milnacipran. In addition, St.-John's Wort was added as this natural antidepressant is very popular in Europe. The objectives of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for old and new generation ADs differs, as older ADs have narrow therapeutic windows with higher risks of severe drug interactions, while the new ADs have a wide therapeutic range, but an unclear plasma concentration-effect relationship. Therefore,
the purpose of TDM for new-generation ADs leads more to the monitoring of patient compliance and special patient groups such as the elderly, patients with liver and kidney impairment, patients with poor metabolism by CYP 450 and comedication with inhibitors and inducers of those enzymes.Keywords Depression, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, serotonin-antagonist and reuptake inhibitors, selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake enhancer, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, therapeutic drug monitoring, analytical methods, St. John's Wort.
25Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Dokuz Eylul Univ. on 11/05/14For personal use only. 26 S. M. R. Wille et al.
“…Excellent separation was obtained for both enantiomers and elution orders of the enantiomers on both columns were determined. The Chiralcel OD phase was also successful for separation and quantification of the same intermediate of Pxn using hexane–isopropanol–DEA (96:04:0.3, v/v) as the mobile phase with 96.0% recoveries, and LOD and LOQ values of 2.0 and 7.5 μg ml −1 , respectively (Vivekananda, Kumar, Mohakhud, & Reddy, ).…”
LC separation of biologically and pharmaceutically important enantiomers (from racemic or non‐racemic mixtures) remains a subject of importance. The present review article deals with the liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of chiral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), namely citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline and fluoxetine. It is now known that the enantiomers of numerous psychotropic drugs exhibit distinct pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetic patterns and receptor binding properties, and psychiatric patients are frequently taking more than one medication. Therefore, monitoring of the levels of these analytes in biological fluids is important to determine the levels of enantiomer concentrations; the present paper may be helpful in understanding the present state of available methods (along with a critical discussion of applicability of the methods) and in developing the new ones for this purpose. Different approaches using LC discussed herein may be applied for determining the enantiomeric composition (and enantiomeric purity) of SSRIs and numerous other racemic drugs, of current/future pharmaceutical importance and utility, using simple separation methods, instrumentation, inexpensive reagents and potentially significant analytical approaches. The contents cover the essential data to understand the various separation techniques and associated issues, if any, with documented examples.
“…As the active pharmaceutical ingredient trans -(−)-paroxetine is an optically pure compound, the racemic key intermediate needs to be resolved. The enantiomeric separation can be achieved by enantioselective chromatography or enzymatic resolution. , Recently, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) has been used as a solvent of enantiomeric separations using supercritical fluid chromatography and supercritical fluid simulated moving bed chromatography with chiral stationary phases. , Knowledge of the solubility of enantiomers in SC-CO 2 is therefore essential for the design and development of chemical and pharmaceutical processes for optical resolutions and for establishing optimum conditions of operation. 1 Structures of paroxetine and its intermediate.…”
The solubility of racemic paroxetine intermediate in supercritical carbon dioxide was measured in the pressure range from (9 to 24) MPa and at temperatures of (308.2, 318.2, and 328.2) K using a continuous flow-type apparatus equipped with a high-pressure UV-Vis detector. Results showed that under the present operation conditions, the experimentally determined solubility of the racemic compound was in the range of (7.3 × 10 -5 to 1.2 × 10 -3 ) in mole fraction. The solubility increased with rising pressure at constant temperature, and the crossover pressure was found to locate at around 12 MPa for the three solubility isotherms. An empirical densitybased Chrastil's equation was used to fit the experimental solubility data, giving a good correlation with an AARD of 7.56 %.
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