Encapsulating Red Phosphorus in Ultralarge Pore Volume Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanospheres for Lithium/Sodium-Ion Half/Full Batteries

Abstract

Red phosphorus (P) has been recognized as a promising material for lithium/sodium-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) because of their high theoretical capacity. However, tremendous volume variation and low conductivity limit its widespread applications. Hence, we design and synthesize uniformly distributed honeycomb-like hierarchical micro–mesoporous carbon nanospheres (HHPCNSs) with ultralarge pore volume (3.258 cm3 g–1) on a large scale through a facile way. The large pore volume provides enough space for loading of P and the expansion of P, and the uniform distribution of the micro–mesopores enables the red P to load uniformly. The resulting HHPCNSs/P composite exhibits extremely high capacity (2463.8 and 2367.6 mA h g–1 at 0.1 A g–1 for LIBs and SIBs, respectively), splendid rate performance (842.2 and 831.1 mA h g–1 at 10 A g–1 for LIBs and SIBs, respectively) and superior cycling stability (1201.6 and 938.4 mA h g–1 at 2 and 5 A g–1 after 1000 cycles for LIBs and 1269.4 and 861.8 mA h g–1 at 2 and 5 A g–1 after 1000 cycles for SIBs, respectively). More importantly, when coupled with LiFePO4 and Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, lithium/sodium-ion full batteries display high capacity and superior rate and cycling performances, revealing the practicability of the HHPCNSs/P composite. The exceptional electrochemical performance is caused by the honeycomb-like carbon network with ultralarge pore volume, uniformly distributed hierarchical micro–mesoporous nanostructure, outstanding electronic conductivity, and excellent nanostructural stability, which is much better than currently reported P/C materials for both LIBs and SIBs.

A Self‐Healing Volume Variation Three‐Dimensional Continuous Bulk Porous Bismuth for Ultrafast Sodium Storage

“…The obviously superior performance of the 3DPBi is attributed to porous structure to buffer volume expansion and the stable bismuth skeleton for self‐healing in response to volume variation. [ 4,30,45,46 ] More importantly, the 3DPBi (Figure 3d) exhibits unprecedented rate performance, delivering reversible capacities of 368, 366, 362, 354 mA h g −1 at 10, 20, 50, and 60 A g −1 , respectively. When the current density is returned to 1 A g −1 , the reversible capacity of the 3DPBi anode can recover to 363 mA h g −1 , indicating the superior kinetic process and structure stability.…”

Ultra-small Fe3O4 nanodots encapsulated in layered carbon nanosheets with fast kinetics for lithium/potassium-ion battery anodes

“…During scans, the intensities of redox peaks are increased with scan rates, which might be assigned to the different storage behaviors (the pseudo-capacitive contribution or cationdiffusion contribution). That can be estimated by the following equation: 39,49,50…”

“…38 Carbon coating is one kind of universal route to immensely enhance the electronic conductivity, providing fast charge transferring and robust structural stability. 39 Heteroatom-doping is adopted on enhancing ionic conductivity for better rate capability. 32,40 Surface-engineering works on the SEI layer with better mechanical stability, delivering long cycle life.…”

Phosphorus‐Based Composites as Anode Materials for Advanced Alkali Metal Ion Batteries

“…Carbon materials commonly used in P/C can be classified into 0D C 60 and carbon black (CB), [145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154] 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [153,[155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162] and carbon nanofibers (CNFs), [17,[163][164][165] 2D graphene, [166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179] and 3D porous carbon [180][181][182][183][184][185][186] and graphite. [187,188] The type of carbon material affects properties of P/C in the following ways. First, different kinds of carbon materials have various Q C , which will influence the value of Q P/C .…”