Bioencapsulation
has gained substantial attention in a wide spectrum
of applications including bioremediation, sensing, and catalysis over
the past few decades. However, such biohybrid systems suffer with
many drawbacks in terms of low viability, low diffusion, and loss
of biological activity. Therefore, it is more important to preserve
the pristine characteristics and activity of biological elements against
various environmental factors. In recent years, electrospinning has
been acknowledged as a feasible technique for fabricating biohybrid
fibrous composites by incorporating various biological materials using
several approaches including direct encapsulation, core–shell
encapsulation, and surface immobilization. In this review, the recent
developments on the different methodologies in encapsulation and immobilization
of microbial cells (i.e., bacteria, algae, viruses, and yeast) in
electrospun nanofibers and their potential applications in bioremediation,
food, agriculture, biocatalysis, regenerative medicine, etc. are briefly
summarized. Further, ongoing challenges and future outlook in the
electrospun nanofibrous biohybrid composites fabrication are concluded.