Encapsulation of Vitamins A and E as Spray-Dried Additives for the Feed Industry

Abstract

Encapsulated fat-soluble powders containing vitamin A (VA) and E (VE) were prepared as a feasible additive for extruded feed products. The effect of the encapsulating agents (Capsul-CAP®, sodium caseinate-SC) in combination with Tween 80 (TW) as an emulsifier and maltodextrin (MD) as a wall material on the physicochemical properties of emulsions and powders was evaluated. First, nanoemulsions containing MD:CAP:TW:VA/VE and MD:SC:TW:VA/VE were prepared and characterized. Then, powders were obtained by means of spray-drying and analyzed in terms of the product yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, porosity, surface morphology, chemical structure, and thermal properties and thermo-oxidative/thermal stability. Results showed that although nanoemulsions were obtained for all the compositions, homogeneous microcapsules were found after the drying process. High product yield and encapsulation efficiency were obtained, and the presence of the vitamins was corroborated. The characteristics of the powders were mainly influenced by the encapsulating agent used and also by the type of vitamin. In general, the microcapsules remained thermally stable up to 170 °C and, therefore, the proposed encapsulation systems for vitamins A and E were suitable for the preparation of additives for the feed manufacturing through the extrusion process.

D-optimal Mixture Design for Optimized Microencapsulation of Vitamin A Palmitate and Its Characterizations

“…Determination of zeta potential (ζ) was done by electrophoretic mobility where the sign and magnitude of the particle charge was determined by the instrument by measuring the direction and velocity of the movement after placing the sample solution in capillary tubes between the electrodes [20,21].…”

“…Vitamin A deficiency effects have been estimated globally either at clinical or sub clinical level. Since, vitamin A can't be synthesized the de novo it must be provided through diet [1][2][3][4][5]. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has set recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 900 micrograms and 700 micrograms daily for men and women respectively which are also 3000 IU (international unit) and 2300 IU respectively.…”

“…Other retinyl palmitate loaded polymeric nanoparticles are reported for the treatment of dermal disorders. Biodegradable microspheres loaded with vitamin A are also prepared [2,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Microencapsulation of Essential Oils by Spray-Drying and Influencing Factors

“…Spray-drying is a known a common encapsulation technique and has been well developed in pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and flavor industries [45]. Since its discovery in 1937 by A. Boake Roberts, the technique of spray-drying has played a significant role in producing various powdered flavors and encapsulating aromatic EOs [46,47], vitamins [48], minerals [49], colorants [50], fat [51], aroma compounds [34], oleoresins [52], and enzymes [53][54][55][56]. In general, spray-drying is a flexible and low-cost method for protecting core biomaterials using spray-drying readily available equipments [44].…”

Encapsulation of candlenut oil by freeze-drying method

“…Sodium caseinate is one of the best encapsulating agent for lipophilic compound because of its intrinsic stability to form protein-ligand complexes and casein micelles. In addition, the amphiphilic structure of caseins promote a rapid adhesion to the surface of oil droplets to form a thick layer that protects the newly formed droplets against flocculation and coalescence (Mujica-Álvarez, Gil-Castell, Barra, Ribes-Greus, Bustos, Faccini, & Matiacevich, 2020). The microencapsulation of the candlenut oil with sodium caseinate increased significantly from 43.22 to 64.86%.…”