Encouraging probiotics for the prevention and treatment of immune-related adverse events in novel immunotherapies against malignant glioma

Abstract

Among the malignant tumors in the central nervous system (CNS), glioma is the most challenging tumor to the public society, which accounts for the majority of intracranial malignant tumors with impaired brain function. In general, conventional therapies are still unable to provide an effective cure. However, novel immunotherapies have changed the treatment scene giving patients a greater potential to attain long term survival, improved quality of life. Having shown favorable results in solid tumors, those therapies are now at a cancer research hotspot, which could even shrink the growth of glioma cells without causing severe complications. However, it is important to recognize that the therapy may be occasionally associated with noteworthy adverse action called immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) which have emerged as a potential limitation of the therapy. Multiple classes of mediators have been developed to enhance the ability of immune system to target malignant tumors including glioma but may also be associated with the IRAEs. In addition, it is probable that it would take long time after the therapy to exhibit severe immune-related disorders. Gut microbiota could play an integral role in optimal immune development and/or appropriate function for the cancer therapy, which is a vital component of the multidirectional communication between immune system, brain, and gut, also known as gut-brain-immune axis. Here, we show the potential effects of the gut-brain-immune axis based on an “engram theory” for the innovative treatment of IRAEs.

A Behavioral Test Score Could Be Linked to the Protein Expression Value of p62 and GLAST in the Brain of Mice with Neuropsychiatric Disorders-Related Behaviors

“…Studies on the mechanism of action related to the prevention of schizophrenia-like outcomes in the offspring are also necessary. In this regards, we presume that neuropsychiatric disorders might be categorized in immune related diseases [58], whose pathogenesis may be based on the engram memory system [59][60][61]. Forthcoming studies using a larger number of animals to address the above concerns and/or concepts would be informative.…”

The Tryptophan and Kynurenine Pathway Involved in the Development of Immune-Related Diseases

“…Similarly, Lactobacillus johnsonii could decrease the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro [ 128 ]. Remarkably, we presume that cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and other immune-related diseases might similarly relate to the pathogenesis that is based on the engram memory system [ 116 , 129 , 130 ]. Future work should intensively focus on the anti-inflammatory effects of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites on host immune cells.…”

Non-Coding RNAs and Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Arrhythmias: The Latest Update

“…Therefore, some modifications in the composition of the gut microbiota might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Remarkably, it has been presumed that cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac arrhythmia, might link to the pathogenesis that is based on the engram memory system [ 87 , 88 , 89 ] ( Figure 3 ). The engram memory system in the brain could remember the information of a definite inflammation in the body that might be involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including ulcerative colitis and/or cardiovascular diseases, in which the immunity-linked processes might be associated with the neuronal responses to memory engrams [ 90 ].…”