Encouraging the perceptual underdog: Positive affective priming of nonpreferred local–global processes.

Tan, Hannah K.; Jones, Gregory V.; Watson, Derrick G.

doi:10.1037/a0014713

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The Eriksen Flanker task constitutes a further paradigm after the local-global task where the modulatory effects on processing affectively neutral stimuli can be reduced from a broadening (Gasper & Clore, 2002 ) to a flexibility account (Baumann & Kuhl, 2005 ; Huntsinger et al, 2010 ; Tan et al, 2009 ). In a large number of other tasks, higher flexibility due to positive affect has been observed (e.g., semantic remote-associates task: Bolte, Goschke, & Kuhl, 2003 ; Rowe et al, 2007 ; creative problem solving: Isen, Daubtman, & Nowicki, 1987 ; control processes: Dreisbach & Goschke, 2004 ; Dreisbach, 2006 ; De Vries, Holland, Corneille, Rondeel, &Witteman, 2012 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although no evolutionary motivation for it has been posited, the broadening hypothesis holds that positive affect extends spatial attention to large-scale stimulus features. Both flexibility (e.g., Baumann & Kuhl, 2005 ; Heerebout, Todorović, Smedinga, & Phaf, 2013 ; Tan, Jones, & Watson, 2009 ; but see Huntsinger, Clore, & Bar-Anan, 2010 ) and broadening hypotheses (Gasper & Clore, 2002 ; Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2007 ) have received ample empirical support. This study aims to show that one of the findings supporting the spatial hypothesis is more consistent with the temporal hypothesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attention and positive affect: Temporal switching or spatial broadening?

Phaf

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Evolutionary reasoning and computation suggest that positive affect is associated with higher attentional flexibility than negative affect, even when affectively neutral material is processed. The affective modulation of interference in the Eriksen flanker task seems, however, more readily explained by a spatial broadening of attention due to positive affect. It is argued here that these results should also be interpreted in terms of an increased switching over time between flankers and target (i.e., flexibility). The two hypotheses were contrasted with positive and negative mood inductions in a masked-flanker task. The interval (Stimulus Onset Asynchrony; SOA) with which the masked flankers preceded the target letter was parametrically varied. In contrast to what is found with simultaneous non-masked flanker presentation, masking produced larger interference with negative than with positive moods. In addition, a crossover interaction between mood and SOA emerged. These results seem incompatible with a spatial broadening account and support an affective modulation account in terms of flexibility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention and positive affect: Temporal switching or spatial broadening?

Phaf

2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…One suggestion is an impairment in global vs. local visual processing. “Global processing” refers to the ability to attend to any visual stimulus as a “whole,” as opposed to its component features (Tan et al, 2009). Studies of schizophrenia have revealed impairments in global processing, but largely preserved local processing both for static (Goodarzi et al, 2000; Silverstein et al, 2000; Johnson et al, 2005; Poirel et al, 2010) and dynamic stimuli (Chen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Does Impaired Identity Processing Reflect a Generalized Attementioning

confidence: 99%

Are patients with schizophrenia impaired in processing non-emotional features of human faces?

et al. 2013

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It is known that individuals with schizophrenia exhibit signs of impaired face processing, however, the exact perceptual and cognitive mechanisms underlying these deficits are yet to be elucidated. One possible source of confusion in the current literature is the methodological and conceptual inconsistencies that can arise from the varied treatment of different aspects of face processing relating to emotional and non-emotional aspects of face perception. This review aims to disentangle the literature by focusing on the performance of patients with schizophrenia in a range of tasks that required processing of non-emotional features of face stimuli (e.g., identity or gender). We also consider the performance of patients on non-face stimuli that share common elements such as familiarity (e.g., cars) and social relevance (e.g., gait). We conclude by exploring whether observed deficits are best considered as “face-specific” and note that further investigation is required to properly assess the potential contribution of more generalized attentional or perceptual impairments.

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“…This increased behavioral flexibility, moreover, is supported by ample empirical research in which positive affect was found to increase cognitive and behavioral flexibility (Baumann & Kuhl, 2005;Das & Fennis, 2008;Dreisbach & Goschke, 2004;Fenske & Eastwood, 2003;Isen, 1999;Luu, Tucker, & Derryberry, 1998;Tan, Jones, & Watson, 2009). The broaden-and-build theory of Fredrickson (1998), for instance, generalizes these ideas even further by assuming that positive emotions serve to broaden an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire by expanding the attentional focus.…”

Section: New Simulations Reveal Stimulus-specific Frequencymentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The comparison can even be taken one step further, because affective influences also have been found on the attentional blink (Olivers & Nieuwenhuis, 2006; see also Most, Chun, Johnson, & Kiehl, 2006;Todorović, 2009, recently obtained similar affective modulation of the attentional blink in our laboratory). There is substantial evidence for the hypothesized link between affect and attentional switching not only for the attentional blink task, but also for other experimental tasks (Baumann & Kuhl, 2005;Das & Fennis, 2008;Dreisbach & Goschke, 2004;Fenske & Eastwood, 2003;Isen, 1999;Luu et al, 1998, Tan et al, 2009. In comparison, the empirical evidence for a relationship between affect and oscillation frequency is much scarcer.…”

Section: New Simulations Reveal Stimulus-specific Frequencymentioning

confidence: 96%

Good vibrations switch attention: An affective function for network oscillations in evolutionary simulations

Heerebout

Phaf

2010

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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The method of computationally simulating evolutionary processes provides a unique opportunity for the automated development of models and hypotheses on cognitive and affective processes and their underlying neural mechanisms. The role of the modeler is limited to setting up the evolutionary selection procedure (e.g., a genetic algorithm; Holland, 1975), the initial state, and the environmental conditions. This has several advantages, of which the opportunity for innovation is not the least. Novel models with mechanisms and functions that have not been previously considered may emerge from these undirected optimization procedures.In previous simulation work (Heerebout & Phaf, 2010), we serendipitously discovered "artificial neural oscillations" in agents that inhabited a virtual environment (see Figure 1). The oscillations were an emergent property, not intentionally built in, and not even thought of beforehand, which proved to be highly adaptive. These simulations extended our investigation of LeDoux's (1996) evolutionary justification of his dual-pathway model for the processing of emotional stimuli (den Dulk, Heerebout, & Phaf, 2003). The agents, which were controlled by artificial neural networks, increased their chances of reproduction and survival by collecting food while avoiding predators. Analyses of the oscillating agents showed that the evolutionary advantage was conferred by an enhanced capacity for attentional switching when in an oscillatory mode.To test the switching efficacy of an oscillating agent, it was compared with a nonoscillating agent from a control simulation with a simpler network. Both agents responded to a plant that was placed in front of them at an angle of 45º to its left, which would, as the agent approached the plant, suddenly be replaced by a predator. The agents' phenotypic behavior was described in terms of speed of movement and rotational speed, and revealed distinct approach and avoidance behaviors. The oscillating agent would first "cautiously" approach the plant following a swerving, "zig-zag" trajectory, and then, as it detected the predator, would make a sharp turn (at 0.042º per time step) and accelerate strongly (the speed increased 87% in the first 10 time steps). The nonoscillatory agent kept a more constant speed. When it detected a predator, it accelerated only slightly (its speed increased only 13% in the first 10 time steps) while turning away (with 0.034º per time step). In addition, this appeared to be a robust finding, because fast switching oscillating agents turned up in five out of the seven replications.Although the behavioral consequences of the oscillations were evident, the underlying mechanism demanded further analysis. Moreover, the networks from the replicated simulations exhibited oscillations at different frequencies. If the oscillations are adaptive because they enhance the ability to quickly switch between competing behaviors, then the evolutionary demands imposed by the two types of stimuli might induce different oscillation frequencies. After al...

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Encouraging the perceptual underdog: Positive affective priming of nonpreferred local–global processes.

Cited by 20 publications

References 80 publications

Attention and positive affect: Temporal switching or spatial broadening?

Attention and positive affect: Temporal switching or spatial broadening?

Are patients with schizophrenia impaired in processing non-emotional features of human faces?

Good vibrations switch attention: An affective function for network oscillations in evolutionary simulations

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