End-Stopping Predicts Curvature Tuning along the Ventral Stream

Ponce, Carlos R.; Hartmann, Till S.; Livingstone, Margaret S.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2507-16.2016

Cited by 45 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Therefore, in adults, maps of both spatial frequency and curvature tuning correlate with eccentricity maps (Ponce et al, 2017; Srihasam et al, 2014; Henriksson et al, 2008). To see whether the eccentricity organization we found in neonates carried with it a similar selectivity for stimulus scale, we performed spatial frequency mapping in one infant monkey at 110 days old, well after significant visual responses had appeared with fMRI (Figure 1), but prior to the emergence of face-selective clusters in IT (Figure 8a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

A hierarchical, retinotopic proto-organization of the primate visual system at birth

Arcaro

Livingstone

2017

eLife

210

166

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The adult primate visual system comprises a series of hierarchically organized areas. Each cortical area contains a topographic map of visual space, with different areas extracting different kinds of information from the retinal input. Here we asked to what extent the newborn visual system resembles the adult organization. We find that hierarchical, topographic organization is present at birth and therefore constitutes a proto-organization for the entire primate visual system. Even within inferior temporal cortex, this proto-organization was already present, prior to the emergence of category selectivity (e.g., faces or scenes). We propose that this topographic organization provides the scaffolding for the subsequent development of visual cortex that commences at the onset of visual experienceDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26196.001

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

A hierarchical, retinotopic proto-organization of the primate visual system at birth

Arcaro

Livingstone

2017

eLife

210

166

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“…67). Most recently, curvature has been proposed as a proto-organizing dimension of the ventral visual stream (50,58), and specific curvature-preferring patches have been discovered in macaques (68). One challenge is that these studies have operationalized curvature in different ways (e.g., wavy-to-straight, round-to-rectilinear, curvy-to-boxy).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Are broad category distinctions such as animacy and size evident because there are initial curvature biases in the visual system? For example, on an inputdriven account, the statistics of visual experience with animals and objects of different sizes might be sufficient to account for this large-scale organization: Early retinotopy might naturally give rise to a large-scale curvature proto-organization in occipitotemporal cortex (11,31,50,58) which in turn gives rise to a large-scale organization by the covarying high-level distinctions of animacy and object size. Alternatively, these mid-level curvature features might be learned specifically due to higher-level pressures to distinguish animals, big objects, and small objects (71,72).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We next asked how well the perceived curvature ratings could explain this neural structure, based on behavioral evidence that boxy/curvy ratings distinguish animals, small objects, and big objects (SI Appendix, Fig. S4) (46)(47)(48) and in line with a growing body of work implicating curvature as a critical mid-level feature in ventral stream responses (36,50,58). We found that this simple, one-dimensional model based on curvy/boxy judgments was able to predict the structure moderately well (τ A = 0.28), capturing almost 50% of the variance in the neural patterns elicited by texforms.…”

Section: Object Size Organization Object Size Map Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mid-level visual features underlie the high-level categorical organization of the ventral stream

Long

Konkle

2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

289

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Human object-selective cortex shows a large-scale organization characterized by the high-level properties of both animacy and object size. To what extent are these neural responses explained by primitive perceptual features that distinguish animals from objects and big objects from small objects? To address this question, we used a texture synthesis algorithm to create a class of stimuli-texforms-which preserve some mid-level texture and form information from objects while rendering them unrecognizable. We found that unrecognizable texforms were sufficient to elicit the large-scale organizations of object-selective cortex along the entire ventral pathway. Further, the structure in the neural patterns elicited by texforms was well predicted by curvature features and by intermediate layers of a deep convolutional neural network, supporting the mid-level nature of the representations. These results provide clear evidence that a substantial portion of ventral stream organization can be accounted for by coarse texture and form information without requiring explicit recognition of intact objects.

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“…At present, it is incontrovertible that the visual system (the focus of this paper) is likely both plastic and stable. Recent studies have pointed to the necessary role of experience in shaping the topography of visual regions, including the category-selective organization of extrastriate areas Livingstone et al, 2017;Ponce et al, 2017) and the effects of experiential deprivation on these maps (Kelly et al, 2012;. Ongoing pressing questions then revolve around the time periods within which maximal plasticity occurs, whether plasticity applies to particular visual maps and whether one can promote plasticity by intervention, either behavioral or molecular (for review, see Bavelier et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Function and Category-Selective Neural Organization in Children with Resections of Visual Cortex

Freud

Patterson

et al. 2019

J. Neurosci.

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The consequences of cortical resection, a treatment for humans with pharmaco-resistant epilepsy, provide a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of the nature and extent of cortical (re)organization. Despite the importance of visual processing in daily life, the neural and perceptual sequellae of occipitotemporal resections remain largely unexplored. Using psychophysical and fMRI investigations, we compared the neural and visuoperceptual profiles of 10 children or adolescents following unilateral cortical resections and their age-and gender-matched controls. Dramatically, with the exception of two individuals, both of whom had relatively greater cortical alterations, all patients showed normal perceptual performance on tasks of intermediate-and high-level vision, including face and object recognition. Consistently, again with the exception of the same two individuals, both univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses revealed normal selectivity and representational structure of category-selective regions. Furthermore, the spatial organization of categoryselective regions obeyed the typical medial-to-lateral topographic organization albeit unilaterally in the structurally preserved hemisphere rather than bilaterally. These findings offer novel insights into the malleability of cortex in the pediatric population and suggest that, although experience may be necessary for the emergence of neural category-selectivity, this emergence is not necessarily contingent on the integrity of particular cortical structures.

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End-Stopping Predicts Curvature Tuning along the Ventral Stream

Cited by 45 publications

References 39 publications

A hierarchical, retinotopic proto-organization of the primate visual system at birth

A hierarchical, retinotopic proto-organization of the primate visual system at birth

Mid-level visual features underlie the high-level categorical organization of the ventral stream

Perceptual Function and Category-Selective Neural Organization in Children with Resections of Visual Cortex

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