Endemic Norovirus Infections in Children, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2009–2010

Phan, My V. T.; Thompson, Corinne N.; Phuc, Hoang Le; Tuyet, Pham Thi Ngoc; Vinh, Ha; Hoàng, Nguyễn Văn Minh; Minh, Pham Van; Vinh, Nguyen Thanh; Thuy, Cao Thu; Nga, Tran Thi Thu; Hau, Nguyen Thi Thu; Chinh, Nguyen Tran; Thuong, Tang Chi; Tuan, Ha Manh; Farrar, Jeremy; Baker, Stephen

doi:10.3201/eid1906.111862

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Norovirus GII was common (19%) and was strongly associated with symptomatic infections and with younger age, as recently observed by others (50), with a remarkably high rate (24%) among sick children younger than 1.5 years. Both rotavirus and norovirus GII were rare among asymptomatic children; therefore, an association between the viral load (C T value) and symptomatic infection, as reported by others (17,18), could not be properly investigated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Real-Time PCR Threshold Cycle Cutoffs Help To Identify Agents Causing Acute Childhood Diarrhea in Zanzibar

et al. 2014

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f Molecular assays might improve the identification of causes of acute diarrheal disease but might lead to more frequent detection of asymptomatic infections. In the present study, real-time PCR targeting 14 pathogens was applied to rectal swabs from 330 children aged 2 to 59 months in Zanzibar, including 165 patients with acute diarrhea and 165 asymptomatic control subjects. At least one pathogen was detected for 94% of the patients and 84% of the controls, with higher rates among patients for norovirus genogroup II (20% versus 2.4%; P < 0.0001), rotavirus (10% versus 1.8%; P ‫؍‬ 0.003), and Cryptosporidium (30% versus 11%; P < 0.0001). Detection rates did not differ significantly for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-estA (33% versus 24%), ETEC-eltB (44% versus 46%), Shigella (35% versus 33%), and Campylobacter (35% versus 33%), but for these agents threshold cycle (C T ) values were lower (pathogen loads were higher) in sick children than in controls. In a multivariate analysis, C T values for norovirus genogroup II, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, ETEC-estA, and Shigella were independently associated with diarrhea. We conclude that this real-time PCR allows convenient detection of essentially all diarrheagenic agents and provides C T values that may be critical for the interpretation of results for pathogens with similar detection rates in patients and controls. The results indicate that the assessment of pathogen loads may improve the identification of agents causing gastroenteritis in children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Real-Time PCR Threshold Cycle Cutoffs Help To Identify Agents Causing Acute Childhood Diarrhea in Zanzibar

et al. 2014

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“…The results demonstrated that the NoV prevalence in immunocompromised only patients was 23.4%, immunocompetent patients with HAI was 13.3%, and immunocompromised patients with HAI was 0%. This prevalence is similar to the recent NoV positivity rates in two large‐scale healthy pediatric populations [My et al, ; Payne et al, ] but the NoV prevalence in immunocompromised patients was higher than the 12% global mean NoV prevalence in healthy pediatric patients [Patel et al, ]. The results of this study are also consistent with Frange's report [Frange et al, ] that described a NoV prevalence rate of 17.7% (11/62) in hospitalized children with immunodeficiency.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The NoV genotype profile among immunocompromised children in this study is consistent with other larger studies in immunocompetent children [Hutson et al, ; Glass et al, ; Koopmans, ; Hall et al, ; My et al, ], demonstrating that globally, GII genogroups and GII.4 strains are currently the most prevalent. NoV loads were higher among immunocompromised patients compared to children with HAI, although this did not reach statistical significance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Norovirus infection in immunocompromised children and children with hospital‐acquired acute gastroenteritis

Munir

Liu

Gastañaduy

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis among children, yet its burden of disease among immunocompromised hosts and its role in hospital acquired infections (HAI) is not well characterized. To determine the prevalence, genotypes, and NoV loads among immunocompromised children and children with HAI, residual stool samples, and clinical data were collected at two major pediatric hospitals in metropolitan Atlanta from 92 children that were immunocompromised and/or had a hospital acquired acute gastroenteritis. NoV was identified in 16.3% (15/92) of all stool specimens; 23.4% (11/47) in immunocompromised only children, and 13.3% (4/30) in children with HAI. All NoV positive cases were genogroup II (GII), and GII.4 was the predominant strain followed by GII.3, GII.12, and GII.13. The average NoV load for immunocompromised patients was 6.3 ± 1.4 log genome equivalent copies (GEC) per gram of stool compared to 5.8 ± 1.1 log GEC among patients with HAI. NoV infections are common among immunocompromised children and children with hospital-acquired gastroenteritis, underscoring the urgent need for rapid NoV detection system, and highlighting the importance of strict hospital hygiene practices.

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“…In this study, the percentage of norovirus positive cases among children with diarrhea seen at the hospital (6.7%) is relatively low compared to studies from neighboring Southeast Asian countries [13, 14, 30]. This does not necessarily reflect the true burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in Cambodia for several reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Norovirus in Young Children in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Nakjarung

Bodhidatta

Neesanant

et al. 2016

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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This study investigated the genetic diversity of noroviruses identified from a previous surveillance study conducted at the National Pediatric Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from 2004 to 2006. In the previous study, 926 stool samples were collected from children aged 3–60 months with acute diarrhea (cases) and without diarrhea (controls) with reported 6.7% of cases and 3.2% of controls being positive for norovirus. The initial norovirus diagnostic assay was performed with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT PCR) which also distinguished between genogroups I and II (GI and GII). Norovirus infection was most commonly detected in children aged 12–23 months in both cases and controls. Norovirus Genotyping Tool and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the 3′ end of the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) and the capsid domain region were employed to assign genotypes of the norovirus strains. GII.4 was the most predominant capsid genotype detected at 39.5% followed by GII.6 at 14.9%. The GII.4 Hunter 2004 variant was the predominant strain detected. Six RdRP/capsid recombinants including GII.P7/GII.6, GII.P7/GII.14, GII.P7/GII.20, GII.P12/GII.13, GII.P17/GII.16, and GII.P21/GII.3 were also identified. This study of norovirus infection in young children in Cambodia suggests genetic diversity of norovirus as reported worldwide.

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Endemic Norovirus Infections in Children, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2009–2010

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

Real-Time PCR Threshold Cycle Cutoffs Help To Identify Agents Causing Acute Childhood Diarrhea in Zanzibar

Real-Time PCR Threshold Cycle Cutoffs Help To Identify Agents Causing Acute Childhood Diarrhea in Zanzibar

Norovirus infection in immunocompromised children and children with hospital‐acquired acute gastroenteritis

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Norovirus in Young Children in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

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