Endocrine Aspects and Responses to Extreme Sports

Tordjman, Karen; Constantini, Naama; Hackney, Anthony C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4363-5_15

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…[ 25 26 27 28 ] Also, we can argue these findings by explaining the mechanism of exercise on reducing the rewarding effects of drugs such as cocaine and morphine since recent study has demonstrated that exercise leads to an increase in the synthesis and release of dopamine. [ 29 30 ] Other studies showed that the chronic usage of opioids and its withdrawal syndrome or injection of naloxone can increase the activity of the CRF-secreting cells from Para-ventricular nuclei and finally activates adrenal cortex. [ 31 ] Morphine withdrawal syndrome increases the HPA axis activity, by changes in gene expression in selective neurons of the Para-ventricular nucleus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of morphine withdrawal signs, blood cortisol and glucose level with forced exercise in comparison with clonidine

et al. 2014

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Background:Morphine withdrawal usually results in undesired outcomes, despite partial benefits of alternative medication such as methadone, because of the lack of mental sedation during the withdrawal period, may not lead to the desired result. In this study, forced exercise by treadmill is used to manage morphine dependence in animal model.Materials and Methods:Forty adult male mice were divided into 5 groups, from which 4 groups became dependent by increasing daily doses of morphine for 6 days (20-45 mg/kg, SC). Afterwards, the animals were treated for 21 days by either of the following protocol: Positive control (dependent) received once daily 45 mg/kg of morphine sulfate (SC) for 21 day, group under treatment by clonidine (0.4 mg/kg, SC) for 21 day group under treatment by forced exercise by treadmill for 21 day, group under treatment by combination of clonidine (0.4 mg/kg, SC) and forced exercise by treadmill for 21day and the negative control group(independent) received saline injection like other groups. Each of this administration was injected at 8 AM. Finally, in the test day (day 28), all animals received a single dose of naloxone (3 mg/kg, SC) at 8 AM and then were observed for withdrawal signs, and Total Withdrawal Score (TWS) was determined as described previously. After withdrawal sign evaluation for evaluation of stress level of dependent mice, blood cortisol and glucose level were measured in non-fasting situations well.Results:This study showed that TWS significantly decreased in all treatment groups in comparison with positive control group (P < 0.001). Moreover, blood cortisol and glucose level significantly decreased in group under treatment by clonidine (0.4 mg/kg) and group under treatment by combination of clonidine (0.4 mg/kg) and forced exercise by treadmill groups in comparison with control positive (dependent) (P < 0.05).Conclusion:This study suggested that forced exercise can be useful as adjunct therapy in dependent people and can ameliorate side effects and stress situation of withdrawal syndrome periods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of morphine withdrawal signs, blood cortisol and glucose level with forced exercise in comparison with clonidine

et al. 2014

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“…At a neurophysiological level, fear can arise through multiple pathways, and fear of pain is different from fear of attack ( LeDoux, 2000 , 2012a , b ; Gross and Canteras, 2012 ; Adolphs, 2013 ; Tordjman et al, 2013 ). Humans also emit and detect fear pheromones ( Ackerl et al, 2002 ; Mujica-Parodi et al, 2009 ; de Groot et al, 2015 ; Haviland-Jones et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative Analysis of Emotions: Fear and Thrill

Buckley

2016

Front. Psychol.

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People can speak, and this provides opportunities to analyze human emotions using perceived experiences communicated via language, as well as through measurement and imaging techniques that are also applicable to other higher animal species. Here I compare four qualitative methodological approaches to test if, and how, thrill depends on fear. I use eight high-risk, high-skill, real-life outdoor adventure recreation activities to provide the test circumstances. I present data from: >4000 person-days of participant observation; interviews with 40 expert practitioners; retrospective autoethnography of 50 critical incidents over 4 decades; and experimental autoethnography of 60 events. Results from different methods are congruent, but different approaches yield different insights. The principal findings are as follows. Individuals differ in their fear and thrill responses. The same individual may have different responses on different occasions. Fear boosts performance, but panic causes paralysis. Anxiety or apprehension prior to a risky action or event differs from fear experienced during the event itself. The intensity of pre-event fear generally increases with the immediacy of risk to life, and time to contemplate that risk. Fear must be faced, assessed and overcome in order to act. Thrill can occur either during or after a high-risk event. Thrill can occur without fear, and fear without thrill. Below a lower threshold of perceived risk, thrill can occur without fear. Between a lower and upper threshold, thrill increases with fear. Beyond the upper threshold, thrill vanishes but fear remains. This there is a sawtooth relation between fear and thrill. Perceived danger generates intense focus and awareness. Fear and other emotions can disappear during intense concentration and focus. Under high risk, the usual emotional sequence is fear before the action or event, then focus during the action or event, then thrill, relief, or triumph afterward. The emotionless state persists only during the most intense concentration. For events long enough to differentiate time within the events, fear and thrill can arise and fade in different fine-scale sequences.

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Endocrine Aspects and Responses to Extreme Sports

Cited by 2 publications

References 37 publications

Attenuation of morphine withdrawal signs, blood cortisol and glucose level with forced exercise in comparison with clonidine

Attenuation of morphine withdrawal signs, blood cortisol and glucose level with forced exercise in comparison with clonidine

Qualitative Analysis of Emotions: Fear and Thrill

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