Endocrine disruptors from the environment affecting breast cancer (Review)

Calaf, Gloria M.; Ponce‐Cusi, Richard; Aguayo, Francisco; Muñoz, Juan Pablo; Bleak, Tammy C.

doi:10.3892/ol.2020.11566

Cited by 45 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 171 publications

(177 reference statements)

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“…Most are artificial chemicals. These estrogen disruptors (including pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenol A) not only cause reproductive problems, but also induce cancer and obesity [1]. In contrast, phytoestrogens are estrogen-like non-steroid substances found in plants (hence the prefix "phyto") and are effective in preventing cancer, arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and obesity [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans

Kim

2021

Antioxidants

167

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Soybeans are rich in proteins and lipids and have become a staple part of the human diet. Besides their nutritional excellence, they have also been shown to contain various functional components, including isoflavones, and have consequently received increasing attention as a functional food item. Isoflavones are structurally similar to 17-β-estradiol and bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The estrogenic activity of isoflavones ranges from a hundredth to a thousandth of that of estrogen itself. Isoflavones play a role in regulating the effects of estrogen in the human body, depending on the situation. Thus, when estrogen is insufficient, isoflavones perform the functions of estrogen, and when estrogen is excessive, isoflavones block the estrogen receptors to which estrogen binds, thus acting as an estrogen antagonist. In particular, estrogen antagonistic activity is important in the breast, endometrium, and prostate, and such antagonistic activity suppresses cancer occurrence. Genistein, an isoflavone, has cancer-suppressing effects on estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers, including breast cancer. It suppresses the function of enzymes such as tyrosine protein kinase, mitogen-activated kinase, and DNA polymerase II, thus inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Genistein is the most biologically active and potent isoflavone candidate for cancer prevention. Furthermore, among the various physiological functions of isoflavones, they are best known for their antioxidant activities. S-Equol, a metabolite of genistein and daidzein, has strong antioxidative effects; however, the ability to metabolize daidzein into S-equol varies based on racial and individual differences. The antioxidant activity of isoflavones may be effective in preventing dementia by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Alzheimer’s-related tau proteins. Genistein also reduces allergic responses by limiting the expression of mast cell IgE receptors, which are involved in allergic responses. In addition, they have been known to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. Further, it also has positive effects on menstrual irregularity in non-menopausal women and relieving menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. Recently, soybean consumption has shown steep increasing trend in Western countries where the intake was previously only 1/20–1/50 of that in Asian countries. In this review, I have dealt with the latest research trends that have shown substantial interest in the biological efficacy of isoflavones in humans and plants, and their related mechanisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans

Kim

2021

Antioxidants

167

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“…1 ) in common, daily-use products [ 23 ]. In fact, chronic exposure to estrogens and estrogen receptor agonists, like BPA, has been identified as a risk factor for the development of breast cancer [ 24 - 26 ]. Endocrine disruptors can interfere with many downstream targets of estrogen signaling, which are related to cell cycle regulation and cellular proliferation, and therefore posing a mechanism for breast cancer development [ 26 ].…”

Section: Bpa As An Environmental Contaminant-endocrine Disruptormentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Mechanistic Link between Bisphenol A and Cancer Stem Cells: A Cancer Prevention Perspective

Winz

Suh

2021

J Cancer Prev

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Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women [1]. There are well established risk factors for breast cancer, such as genetic alterations, age, family history, life-style, hormone replacement therapy, and obesity [2]. According to the American Cancer Society, more than two thirds of breast cancer at the first diagnosis in women is estrogen receptor (ER)-positive [2]. Extended exposure to estrogen is epidemiologically and experimentally associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer [1]. This appears to be due to the upregulation of genes involved in breast cell proliferation that is mediated through the estrogen receptor. Development of ER-positive breast cancer depends on estrogen for cell growth. Many environmental chemicals are endocrine disrupters that can mimic the biological functions of estrogen, potentially contributing to the initiation or progression of breast cancer.Among known environmental estrogens, bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in industry. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2003 to 2004 indicates widespread exposure to BPA in the US population [3][4][5]. Since then, there is a temporal trend in decreased exposure to BPA in the United States from 2011 to 2012 [6]. However, in a recent cohort study conducted in the United States, it is concluded that higher exposure to BPA is associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality including cancer [7]. BPA has been well known to have estrogenic activity in animal models and in vitro [8][9][10][11][12]. There is a concern for adverse effects of the exposure to BPA in regards to developmental toxicity for fetuses, infants and children, effects on the mammary gland and early puberty in females, and reproductive toxicities [13][14][15]. Importantly, the health outcomes from environmental exposures are highly complex and variable.Many studies looking at the molecular mechanisms through which BPA is thought to induce breast cancer have shown promising results. However, epidemiological studies aimed to uncover a link between BPA exposure and an increased breast cancer risk have been largely inconclusive. It is difficult to evaluate long term effects of endocrine disruptor exposure via retrospective studies, which lack specificity. Prospective cohort studies can be more specific, but they may take many years to complete. Even still, prospective studies often don't have a sample size large enough to yield significance. Due to the relatively low prevalence of breast cancer incidence within a normal population, correlation can be very hard to

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“…Carcinogenic and the weak estrogenic and anti-estrogenic hormonal effects of many organochlorines and their hydroxylated metabolites have led many researchers to hypothesize that they increase the risk of breast cancer in humans [56]. These are responsible for impairment or suppression of cell mediated immunity [57], mimicking androgenous hormones and modulating their as well as estrogen hormones metabolism prompting breast cancer development [58].…”

Section: Role Of Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Trace Elements in Breast Cancer and Their Characterization Using X-Ray Fluorescence Techniques

Kainth¹,

Khandelwal²,

Singh³

et al. 2021

Trace Elements and Their Effects on Human Health and Diseases

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Breast cancer is the most common serious disease that occurs in the human body. Trace elements have an important function in biological and metabolism processes including activation or inhibition of enzymatic reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), competition between trace elements and metal proteins for binding positions and modifications in the permeability of cellular membranes which influence carcinogenic processes. A significant association between the abnormal concentration of trace elements and breast cancer has been found in many studies using XRF techniques like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence (SRIXE). This chapter considers trace elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cl, Ca, P, S, K, Na, Mg, Se, As and Sr. from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of breast cancer. XRF techniques and sample preparation methods for analysis of biological samples are also reviewed.

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Endocrine disruptors from the environment affecting breast cancer (Review)

Cited by 45 publications

References 171 publications

Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans

Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans

Understanding the Mechanistic Link between Bisphenol A and Cancer Stem Cells: A Cancer Prevention Perspective

Role of Trace Elements in Breast Cancer and Their Characterization Using X-Ray Fluorescence Techniques

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