Endocrine responses and food intake in fasted individuals under the influence of glucose ingestion

Abstract

IntroductionDifferent metabolic conditions can affect what and how much we eat. Hormones of glucose metabolism and adipokines such as adiponectin take part in the control of these decisions and energy balance of the body. However, a comprehensive understanding of how these endocrine and metabolic factors influence food intake has not been reached. We hypothesised that the amount of food a person consumes differs substantially after a fasting period even after the energy deficit was partially removed by glucose ingestion and endocrine signals like insulin and C-peptide indicated a high glucose metabolic status. Furthermore, the macronutrient composition of the consumed food and a possible association with adiponectin under the influence of glucose ingestion was assessed.MethodsIn a within-subject design, 24 healthy males participated in both a fasting (42 h) and control (non-fasting) condition. A total of 20 blood samples from each subject were collected during each condition to assess serum levels of adiponectin, insulin, C-peptide, cortisol and ACTH. At the end of each condition food intake was measured with an ad libitum buffet after the acute energy deficit was compensated using a carbohydrate-rich drink.ResultsThe total amount of caloric intake and single macronutrients was higher after the fasting intervention after replenishment with glucose. All recorded hormone levels, except for adiponectin, were significantly different for at least one of the study intervals. The relative proportions of the macronutrient composition of the consumed food were stable in both conditions under the influence of glucose ingestion. In the non-fasting condition, the relative amount of protein intake correlated with adiponectin levels during the experiment.Discussion and conclusionAn anabolic glucose metabolism after glucose ingestion following a fasting intervention did not even out energy ingestion compared to a control group with regular food intake and glucose ingestion. Anorexigenic hormones like insulin in this context were not able despite higher levels than in the control condition to ameliorate the drive for food intake to normal or near normal levels. Relative macronutrient intake remains stable under these varying metabolic conditions and glucose influence. Serum adiponectin levels showed a positive association with the relative protein intake in the non-fasting condition under the influence of glucose although adiponectin levels overall did not differ in between the conditions.

Effectiveness of a Polyphenolic Extract (Lippia Citriodora and Hibiscus Sabdariffa) on Appetite Regulation in Overweight and Obese Grade I Population: A 8 weeks Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over, Placebo-Controlled Trial

“…Short-term part of the present study reported continued reduction until the ad-libitum lunch for both Pla and Lc-Hs. Meanwhile, previous studies have seen an increase in adiponectin (51). Therefore, the variation of adiponectin in the present study seems to be in uenced in both short and long periods, showing different trends.…”

Glucagon, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy neonatal foals

“…Various studies have suggested that protein ingestion, resulting in increases in plasma concentrations of essential and nonessential amino acids, promotes insulin and glucagon secretion 27,33,34 . The literature also reports compensatory increases in energy intake after a period of caloric restriction, despite PO administration of glucose, as opposed to nonfasted individuals 35 . This finding suggests that proteins, fatty acids, or other components of mare's milk could have stimulated or enhanced glucagon secretion when the foals in our study nursed.…”

“…27,33,34 The literature also reports compensatory increases in energy intake after a period of caloric restriction, despite PO administration of glucose, as opposed to nonfasted individuals. 35 This finding suggests that proteins, fatty acids, or other components of mare's milk could have stimulated or enhanced glucagon secretion when the foals in our study nursed. Future investigations to further evaluate mechanisms involved in the hyperglucagonemic response to nursing observed in our study should include identifying which components of mare's milk have the ability to stimulate the endocrine pancreas, and assessment of the energy axis in the healthy foal in response to administration of various amino acids, such as L-arginine.…”

“…27,33,34 The literature also reports compensatory increases in energy intake after a period of caloric restriction, despite PO administration of glucose, as opposed to nonfasted individuals. 35 This finding suggests that pro- Lastly, it has been suggested that ACTH 40,41 and cortisol 42 recovery decreases minimally with storage time and number of freeze-thaw cycles. Studies evaluating the stability of glucagon in humans suggest it is a very stable hormone, with minimal changes at room temperature for 3 days 43 and 5 days at 4 C. 44 The recovery of glucagon also has been shown to improve with the addition of EDTA/aprotinin 43,45 and DPP-IV inhibitors.…”

Effectiveness of a polyphenolic extract (Lippia citriodora and Hibiscus sabdariffa) on appetite regulation in overweight and obese grade I population: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial

“…Short-term part of the present study reported continued reduction until the ad-libitum lunch for both Pla and Lc-Hs. Meanwhile, previous studies have seen an increase in adiponectin [ 66 ]. Therefore, the variation of adiponectin in the present study seems to be influenced in both short and long periods, showing different trends.…”