Endogenous and exogenous sex steroid hormones in asthma and allergy in females: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Worsening of Severe Asthma Due to Menstruation and Sensitization to Albumins

“…Human glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that was initially described in the 1980s as a proglucagon cleavage product, produced by intestinal cells in response to food intake [1]. Its main actions are stimulation of insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon production, delay in gastric emptying, induction of satiety in the central nervous system, and reduction of postprandial triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations [2]. Given its main hypoglycemic properties, GLP-1 has become an important therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.…”

“…Given its main hypoglycemic properties, GLP-1 has become an important therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes. However, a major limitation of its use was its very short half-life [2]. This was overcome by the development of synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, which can be divided into short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide and lixisenatide) and long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (longacting release [LAR] exenatide, liraglutide, albiglutide, and dulaglutide).…”

“…The incidence of asthma is higher in postpubertal females than in postpubertal males [2]. This difference can probably be attributed to female sex steroids [2].…”

“…The incidence of asthma is higher in postpubertal females than in postpubertal males [2]. This difference can probably be attributed to female sex steroids [2]. In patients aged <12 years, menarche and early menarche have been associated with an increased risk of asthma [2], which can also lead to the participation of hormones in the development of asthma.…”

“…This difference can probably be attributed to female sex steroids [2]. In patients aged <12 years, menarche and early menarche have been associated with an increased risk of asthma [2], which can also lead to the participation of hormones in the development of asthma. Perimenstrual asthma (PMA) is usually described as a cyclical deterioration of asthma during the luteal phase and/or during the first days of menstruation [3].…”