Endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response and autophagy contribute to resistance to glucocorticoid treatment in human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells

Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most frequent childhood cancer and, although it is highly treatable, resistance to therapy, toxicity and side effects remain challenging. The synthetic glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone (dex) is commonly used to treat ALL, the main drawback of which is the development of resistance to this treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential molecular circuits mediating resistance and sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis in ALL. The leukaemia cell lines CEM-C7-14, CEM-C1-15 and MOLT4 treated with chloroquine (CLQ), thapsigargin (TG) and rotenone (ROT) were used to explore the roles of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the response to GC treatment. ROS levels were associated with increased cell death and mitochondrial membrane potential in rotenone-treated CEM cells. Autophagy inhibition by CLQ exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect in GC-resistant leukaemia. Autophagy may act as a pro-survival mechanism in GC-resistant leukaemia since increasing trends in beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3α levels were detected in CEM-C1-15 and MOLT4 cells treated with dex, whereas decreasing trends in these autophagy markers were observed in CEM-C7-14 cells. The intracellular protein levels of the ER stress markers glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 and GRP94 were stimulated by dex only in the GC-sensitive cells, suggesting a role of these chaperones in the GC-mediated ALL cell death. Increased cell surface levels of GRP94 were recorded in CEM-C7-14 cells treated with combination of dex with TG compared with those in cells treated with TG alone, whereas decreasing trends were observed in CEM-C1-15 cells under these conditions. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that autophagy may be a pro-survival mechanism in GC-resistant leukaemia, and by modulating intracellular and surface GRP94 protein levels, dex is involved in the regulation of ER stress/UPR-dependent cell death and immune surveillance. These observations may be of clinical importance if confirmed in patients.

Autophagy Process in Trophoblast Cells Invasion and Differentiation: Similitude and Differences With Cancer Cells

“…As mentioned, the role of autophagy in tumor development is controversial and dependent of the tumor characteristics and stage of tumor development (266). Briefly, it has been suggested that autophagy could promote aggressive characteristics of cancer cells such as increased cellular invasion (11,12), but it also represents a barrier for cancer proliferation (13)(14)(15). In cancer cells, the inhibition of autophagy results in impaired metabolism proliferation, survival, and spontaneous tumor malignancy depending not only on the tumor type but also of its temporal development (267).…”

“…Indeed, the role of autophagy in tumor development is controversial and dependent on tumor stage and type. It has been suggested that autophagy could promote aggressive characteristics of cancer cells, such as increased cellular invasion (11,12), but also be a barrier to cancer proliferation (13)(14)(15). Additionally, autophagy also provides the microenvironment for placentation and cancer growth.…”

HA15 inhibits binding immunoglobulin protein and enhances the efficacy of radiation therapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

“…Radiation therapy was capable of activating stress adaptation responses that involve the ER 17 . Investigators have paid attention to alterations that occur in ER stress 18 .…”

3-Ketodihydrosphingosine reductase maintains ER homeostasis and unfolded protein response in leukemia

“…Leukemia is characterized by the accumulation of gene mutations and chromosomal translocations that the encoding proteins are frequently prone to misfolding ( 23 , 44 , 45 ). It has been reported that sustained UPR exists in multiple leukemia types and plays a vital role in disease progression and therapeutic resistance ( 19 , 20 , 46 – 48 ). Thus, targeting ER stress and UPR mechanisms represents attractive therapeutic options to the leukemia treatment ( 49 – 53 ).…”