“…2). The most commonly used endonasal endoscopic approaches for lesions that affect vision or cause diplopia are the following: 1) the trans-sellar route for sellar lesions, most commonly for pituitary adenomas and Rathke cleft cysts, 2) trans-sellar, trans-tubercular and trans-planum route for lesions that extend into the suprasellar, prechiasmatic and retrochiasmatic cisterns, most commonly for large or giant pituitary adenomas, tuberculum meningiomas, and craniopharyngiomas, 3) trans-sellar and extended approach to cavernous sinus and Meckel cave most commonly used for invasive pituitary adenomas, invasive parasellar meningiomas, schwannomas, and clival chordomas, 4) trans-clival approach most commonly used for invasive parasellar meningiomas and clival chordomas, and 5) endonasal approach to medial optic canal, orbital apex and orbit, most commonly used for meningiomas, hemangiomas, fibrous dysplasia, malignancies, and inflammatory processes (32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41).…”