Endotoxin in blood and milk and enzymes in the milk of cows during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin mastitis

Gil, Ziv; Hartman, Ivo; Bogin, E.; Abidar, J.; Saran, A.

doi:10.1016/0093-691x(76)90026-1

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The data of I.M. increase of LPS are in agreement with those obtained by Ziv et al [261] and Hartman et al [92], who also found an increase of LPS in blood plasma. However, in the study of Yagi et al [258] no LPS could be detected in serum obtained from the milk vein or the jugular vein, which is more compatible with current concepts.…”

Section: Endotoxin As Systemic Mediatorsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, in the study of Yagi et al [258] no LPS could be detected in serum obtained from the milk vein or the jugular vein, which is more compatible with current concepts. The discrepancies between the results obtained in the study of Ziv et al [261] in the '70s and the recent study of Yagi et al [258] are not inexplicable. Under field conditions, coliforms have been isolated in blood samples from diseased animals [253].…”

Section: Endotoxin As Systemic Mediatormentioning

confidence: 68%

“…LPS may increase dramatically at sites of bacterial replication especially during fast and uncontrolled growth of E. coli in the udder cistern. Although methods have been developed to measure the LPS content of milk [92,258,261] no attempt has been made to estimate severity on basis of the endotoxin dosage in the udder cistern. A good severity indicator may be TNF-a in milk, because of its typical release during acute E. coli mastitis and not during S. aureus mastitis [195].…”

Section: Local Disease Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

et al. 2003

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-Intramammary infections of dairy cows with Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (major cause of mastitis) have received a lot of attention because of their major economic impact on the dairy farm through production losses induced by an increase in somatic cell count. Management strategies, including greater awareness for efficient milking and hygienic measures, have limited the spread of Gram-positive bacteria and resulted in a significant decrease of proportion of S. aureus isolates and subclinical mastitis worldwide. Other organisms such as coliform subspecies and Streptococcus uberis, both environmental bacteria that cause clinical mastitis, have received less attention. Escherichia coli causes inflammation of the mammary gland in dairy cows around parturition and during early lactation with striking local and sometimes severe systemic clinical symptoms. This disease affects many high producing cows in dairy herds and may cause several cases of death per year in the most severe cases. It is well known that bacterial, cow and environmental factors are interdependent and influence mastitis susceptibility. Many studies, executed during the last decade, indicate that the severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors rather than by E. coli pathogenicity. During E. coli mastitis, the host defense status is a cardinal factor determining the outcome of the disease. Today, we know that the neutrophil is a key factor in the cows' defense against intramammary infection with E. coli. Effective elimination of the pathogen by neutrophils is important for the resolution of infection and the outcome of E. coli mastitis. This review is a compilation of some major findings over the last 15 years concerning mainly host factors that modulate and influence neutrophil function and the mammary inflammatory reaction. The individual chapters address: virulence factors of E. coli strains, how neutrophils kill E. coli, connection between endotoxins, tumor necrosis factor-a and nitric oxide, severity classification of E. coli mastitis, lifespan of neutrophils, host factors that influence severity, tissue damage and production loss.

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Section: Endotoxin As Systemic Mediatorsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Endotoxin As Systemic Mediatormentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Local Disease Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

et al. 2003

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“…It is remarkable that maximum body temperature and return to normal blood flow between both peaks occurred synchronously. Ziv et al (1976) infused E. coli endotoxin into the udder of cows. The appearance of positive test reactions in the blood 6 h after the infusion strongly suggested that endotoxin, was effectively absorbed from the udder into the general circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammary blood flow during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis in goats and cows

Dhondt

Burvenich

Peeters

1977

Journal of Dairy Research

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The effect of intramammary infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin upon mammary blood flow was studied in lactating goats and cows. Blood flow was recorded by means of an electromagnetic flow probe chronically implanted around one mammary artery.Endotoxin mastitis was always accompanied by a significant increase in mammary blood flow, characterized by 2 conspicuous peaks. The flow returned to control values by the thirteenth hour after infusion. Other symptoms of acute mastitis were: fever, increased heart rate, swelling, heat and pain of the gland, increased chloride and total cell count in milk.It is well known that endotoxin of Escherichia coli evokes the clinical signs of acute mastitis, both local and systemic, when introduced into a bovine mammary gland (Carroll, Schalm & Lasmanis, 1964). Extreme swelling, heat and pain of the gland accompanied by transudation of serum albumin into the milk occurs. These reactions rapidly reach their maximum within a few hours and then subside to become imperceptible by the next day.The vascular changes, such as blood flow, have not yet been investigated in the udder during E. coli endotoxin mastitis. In the present experiments we have consequently studied the effect of this process on blood flow through the artery of the lactating udder of goats and cows.A preliminary report on some of our results has recently been presented (Dhondt & Peeters, 1976). MATERIALS AND METHODSTwenty-six experiments were conducted on 12 goats of crossed breeds, yielding 0-4-1-41 milk/d. Six experiments were done on 2 cows of crossed breeds, with a production of 10 and 14 1 milk/d. All animals were free of udder infection. They were given hay and concentrated food and were milked twice a day. Around the arteria pudenda externa of one udder half an electromagnetic flow probe was implanted as described previously (Houvenaghel, 1971;Dhondt et al. 1973). For repeated zero flow determination a pneumatic occlusion device was implanted below the flow probe during the same intervention. The device consisted of a Teflon cylinder (goats: 4 cm in length by 0-8 cm diam.; cows: 8 cm in length by 2-5 cm diam.) containing

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“…For instance in cattle there is some evidence which suggests that the pattern of clinical-pathological symptoms observed during acute coliform mastitis is due to endotoxin absorption from the. udder (Ziv et al, 1976). Endotoxin shock is one of the most serious problems in ~uman medicine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antipyretic effect of polymyxin B in endotoxin-induced fever

Miert

Duin

1977

Vet Res Commun

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LPS S. typhimuPi~ (0.3~ug per kg) injected intravenously into conscious goats induced an inhibition of the extrinsic ruminal contractions in association with pyrexia and changes in heart rate. Pretreatment with polymyxin B (3 mg per kg i.v.) antagonized the endotoxin-induced symptoms in this species. In rabbits, the intravenous administration of LPS E.coli (0.I ~g per kg) resulted in a febrile response, which could be markedly reduced by pretreatment with polymyxin B. Unlike endotoxins, the febrile response to leucocytic pyrogen was not inhibited after pretreatment with this antibiotic. Moreover, polymyxin B caused only a minimal decline in the febrile response due to sodium nucleinate from yeast (|0 mg per kg). These results strengthen the view that the antipyretic activity of polymyxin B is due to an interaction of this cationic macromolecule with the anionic endotoxin molecule.

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Endotoxin in blood and milk and enzymes in the milk of cows during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin mastitis

Cited by 24 publications

References 7 publications

Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors

Mammary blood flow during experimental Escherichia coli endotoxin induced mastitis in goats and cows

The antipyretic effect of polymyxin B in endotoxin-induced fever

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