Endotoxin levels and contribution factors of endotoxins in resident, school, and office environments — A review

Abstract

h i g h l i g h t s Mean endotoxin loads in settled floor dust were 660e107,000 EU/m 2. Mean airborne endotoxin concentrations in indoor air were 0.04e1610 EU/m 3. There were several strong determinants for the endotoxin loads. The presence of pets was extremely strong determinant for the endotoxin concentration. Literature findings concerning several determinants were inconsistent.

Airborne endotoxin concentrations in indoor and outdoor particulate matter and their predictors in an urban city

“…However, we found a significant effect of pets in the home on indoor endotoxin concentrations in PM 2.5 , although the percentage of homes with pets was only 16.4%. Although effects of the number or types of pets on airborne endotoxin concentrations were found in previous studies, we did not evaluate such associations because of the small number of homes with pets.…”

“…However, the concentrations of indoor airborne endotoxins may also be affected by factors within living environments other than house dust and endotoxins that have infiltrated from outdoor air . In a longitudinal study, endotoxin levels in house dust were found to not be significantly associated with the levels of airborne endotoxins . Therefore, direct measurements of airborne endotoxins are needed to evaluate the effects of exposure to endotoxins on human health accurately …”

“…the levels of airborne endotoxins. 12 Therefore, direct measurements of airborne endotoxins are needed to evaluate the effects of exposure to endotoxins on human health accurately. 4 PM with a wide range of sizes is suspended in outdoor air.…”

Bioaerosols at plants processing materials of plant origin—a review

“…Bacterial endotoxins and (1-3)-β-D-glucans of fungal origin, found in bioaerosol, may cause upper respiratory tract inflammation, flu-like symptoms, or bronchial asthma (Krajewski et al 2000;Nielsen et al 2000;Niemiec and Zamorska 2002;Cyprowski 2007;Ławniczek-Wałczyk and Górny 2010;Gołofit-Szymczak and Górny 2017). The previous analysis of the results showed that in residential, school, and office environments, the mean endotoxin loads in settled floor dust varied between 660 and 107.000 EU m -2 , 2180 and 48.000 EU m -2 , and 2700 and 12.890 EU m -2 , respectively (Salonen et al 2016).…”

Characterization, pro-inflammatory response and cytotoxic profile of bioaerosols from urban and rural residential settings in Pune, India

“…Endotoxin originates primarily from gram eve bacteria and in present study concentration of gram eve bacteria has been found to be maximum in urban houses which supports the comparatively higher level of measured endotoxin at urban site. In present study, urban houses were comprised of pets which have been identified as potential sources of airborne endotoxin (Salonen et al, 2016). In addition to this, carpet flooring in urban houses and habits of the occupants like tobacco smoking (Fig.…”