Ends and Means in Planning

A Public Planning Perspective on Strategic Planning

“…Walker (1950) raised questions about the organizational position of planners and the independent planning commission and called for a more direct link with decision making and decision makers. Beginning with their groundbreaking study of planning practice (Meyerson and Banfield 1955), Meyerson (1956), Banfield (1959), and then others (e.g., Altshuler 1965;Bolan 1967) began to argue that, even if comprehensive planning was a good idea in theory, it was largely unattainable in the real world of politics and policy.…”

How planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the goal achievement potential of plans: Experiences from strategic land-use and transport planning processes in three Scandinavian cities

“…According to Banfield (1959), examples of planning practised this way were hard to find even in the 1950s and have probably never been common practice in public planning. Owens et al (2004Owens et al ( :1950 did not ''find many theorists or practitioners of conventional forms of appraisal adhering to the technical-rational model in extreme form''.…”

“…Through the shifting discussions regarding planning, those that seem to define planning and to be unavoidable in a practice defined as planning (Banfield, 1959;Friedmann, 1987) may be listed as:…”

Marine spatial planning in the Middle East: Crossing the policy-planning divide

“…Policy development can be part of planning. The consequences of a planning process are dependent on the articulation of overarching goals and therefore planning often begins with this stage [20][21][22][23]. For MSP, Collie et al [5] provide the following examples of conceptual objectives: conserve marine biodiversity, sustain fisheries, sustainable economic development.…”