“…In practice, cathodic reductions may be produced simultaneously by heterogeneously transferred electrons from the bottom of the conduction band of the insulating film, via the surface states of the insulating film and by presolvated hot and hydrated electrons [25]. Meanwhile, strongly oxidizing species such as sulfate and hydroxyl radicals can be cathodically generated from purposely-added coreactants or form dissolved oxygen [22,23,25,33,34]. In addition, F + -centers existing in oxide film of C/I/E electrodes may act as oxidants [2,23,33].…”