Energetics of lactation in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) breeds of two sizes

Scantlebury, Michael; Butterwick, Richard; Speakman, John R.

doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00175-0

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The increase in RMR was consistent with the increases in body mass, organ mass and the decomposition of fat reserves (Johnstone et al, 2005). The increased energy demand during lactation and/or cold exposure is met by the increase in food intake, as also shown for other small mammals (Wade and Schneider, 1992;Hammond et al, 1994;Bartness, 1997;Hammond and Kristan, 2000;Scantlebury et al, 2000;Johnson and Speakman, 2001).…”

Section: Changes In Rmr and Energy Intake In Response To Coldsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Thermogenesis, food intake and serum leptin in cold-exposed lactating Brandt's volesLasiopodomys brandtii

Zhang

Wang

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Lactation is the most energetically expensive period for mammals and is associated with increased metabolism and energy intake, but decreased thermogenic capacity. It is well known that small mammals increase both food intake and thermogenesis in the cold. The present study aimed to examine whether Brandt's voles Lasiopodomys brandtii could adjust energy intake and thermogenesis to accommodate simultaneous lactation and cold exposure. The voles were placed into two temperature treatments: warm(23±1°C) and cold (5±1°C). Animals at each temperature treatment were further divided into two groups: non-reproductive (NR) and lactating females. We found that lactating voles at peak lactation in the cold enhanced food intake by 2.6 g day–1 compared with those in the warm, and increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) content in brown adipose tissue (BAT), to the same level as the cold-exposed NR females. Serum leptin levels decreased significantly during lactation and were positively correlated with body mass and fat mass. After correcting for the effects of body mass,residual serum leptin was negatively correlated with residual gross energy intake and residual RMR. In addition, residual serum leptin levels were positively correlated with UCP1 contents in the warm, but not in the cold. Together, these data suggest that lactating voles can increase thermogenic capacity and energy intake to meet the high energetic costs of simultaneous lactation and cold exposure. Further, serum leptin appears to be involved in the energy intake regulation and thermoregulation, but the thermoregulation in the cold may be mainly mediated by other factors.

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Section: Changes In Rmr and Energy Intake In Response To Coldsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The increased energy requirements are usually met primarily by an increase in food intake (Wade and Schneider, 1992;Scantlebury et al, 2000). For example, food intake increased by fourfold in rats (Wade and Schneider, 1992) and threefold in Siberian hamster Phodopus sungorus (Bartness, 1997) at peak lactation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermogenesis, food intake and serum leptin in cold-exposed lactating Brandt's volesLasiopodomys brandtii

Zhang

Wang

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…It is likely that females captured with larger calves have been lactating, cumulatively, for a longer time period than females captured with smaller calves. Lactation is the most energetically demanding period of mammalian reproduction, even more so than the energy required during gestation (Millar, 1979;Gittleman and Thompson, 1988;Reilly et al, 1996;Reynolds et al, 2000;Scantlebury et al, 2000;Kastelein et al, 2002). In mysticete whales, fat depletion occurs in the blubber of lactating females (Lockyer 1986;Aguilar and Borrell, 1990).…”

Section: Influence Of Reproductive Status On Female Blubber Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Blubber morphology in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Southeastern United States: Influence of geographic location, age class, and reproductive state

Montie

Garvin

Fair

et al. 2008

Journal of Morphology

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This study investigated blubber morphology and correlations of histological measurements with ontogeny, geography, and reproductive state in live, wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeastern United States. Surgical skin-blubber biopsies (N=74) were collected from dolphins during capture-release studies conducted in two geographic locations: Charleston, SC (N=38) and Indian River Lagoon, FL (N=36). Histological analysis of blubber revealed stratification into superficial, middle, and deep layers. Adipocytes of the middle blubber were 1.6x larger in Charleston subadults than in Indian River Lagoon subadults (4,590+/-340 compared to 2,833+/-335 microm2 per cell). Charleston subadult dolphins contained higher levels of total blubber lipids than Charleston adult animals (49.3%+/-1.9% compared to 34.2%+/-1.7%), and this difference was manifested in more adipocytes in the middle blubber layer (19.2+/-0.9 compared to 14.9+/-0.5 cells per field). However, dolphins from Indian River Lagoon did not exhibit this pattern, and the adipocyte cell counts of subadults were approximately equal to those of the adults (16.0+/-1.4 compared to 13.4+/-0.8 cells per field). The colder year-round water temperatures in Charleston compared to Indian River Lagoon may explain these differences. Adipocytes in the deep blubber layer were significantly smaller in lactating and simultaneously pregnant and lactating animals compared to pregnant dolphins (840+/-179, 627+/-333, and 2,776+/-586 microm2 per cell, respectively). Total blubber lipid content and adipocyte size in the deep blubber of mothers with calves decreased linearly with calf length. Lactating females may utilize lipids from the deep blubber during periods of increased energetic demands associated with offspring care. This study demonstrates that ontogeny, geography, and reproductive state may influence morphological parameters such as structural fiber densities and adipocyte numbers and sizes, measured in bottlenose dolphin blubber.

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“…Populations of dogs are large, and because many owners insure their pets, the records of dates of birth, death and hence lifespan (Patronek et al ., 1997;Michell, 1999;Egenvall et al ., 2000;Proschowsky et al ., 2003) are probably better than for any other species apart from humans. We have less information, however, on the metabolic rates of dogs, and, although some estimates have been made (Rubner, 1883;Kunde & Steinhaus, 1926;Singer et al ., 1993;Scantlebury et al ., 2000Scantlebury et al ., , 2001, single time-point estimates of metabolic rate for given groups (like breeds) miss out on potential complexities that may occur because of age-related variations in metabolism (Promislow & Haselkorn, 2002). Here, we examine the age-related changes in the metabolic rates of three breeds of dog (Papillons, Labrador retrievers and Great Danes) of different body sizes, and compare these with breed differences and age-related changes in body composition, as well as differences in lifespan of the three breeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age‐related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their relationship to life expectancy

Speakman

Acker²,

Harper³

2003

Aging Cell

137

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SummaryWe measured body composition and resting metabolic rates (RMR) of three dog breeds (Papillons, mean body mass 3.0 kg ( n = 35), Labrador retrievers, mean body mass 29.8 kg ( n = 35) and Great Danes, mean body mass 62.8 kg ( n = 35)) that varied between 0.6 and 14.3 years of age. In Papillons, lean body mass (LBM) increased with age but fat mass (FBM) was constant; in Labradors, both LBM and FBM were constant with age, and in Great Danes, FBM increased with age but LBM was constant. FBM averaged 14.8% and 15.7% of body mass in Papillons and Labradors, respectively. Great Danes were leaner and averaged only 10.5% FBM. Pooling the data for all individuals, the RMR was significantly and positively associated with LBM and FBM and negatively associated with age. Once these factors had been taken into account there was still a significant breed effect on RMR, which was significantly lower in Labradors than in the other two breeds. Using the predictive multiple regression equation for RMR and the temporal trends in body composition, we modelled the expenditure of energy (at rest) over the first 8 years of life, and over the entire lifespan for each breed. Over the first 8 years of life the average expenditure of energy per kg LBM were 0.985, 0.675 and 0.662 GJ for Papillons, Labradors and Great Danes, respectively. This energy expenditure was almost 60% greater for the smallest compared with the largest breed. On average, however, the life expectancy for the smallest breed was a further 6 years (i.e. 14 years in total), whereas for the largest breed it was only another 6 months (i.e. 8.5 years in total).Total lifetime expenditure of energy at rest per kg LBM averaged 1.584, 0.918 and 0.691 GJ for Papillons, Labradors and Great Danes, respectively. In Labradors, total daily energy expenditure, measured by the doubly labelled water method in eight animals, was only 16% greater than the observed RMR. High energy expenditure in dogs appears positively linked to increased life expectancy, contrary to the finding across mammal species and within exotherms, yet resembling observations in other intraspecific studies. These contrasting correlations suggest that metabolism is affecting life expectancy in different ways at these different levels of enquiry.

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Energetics of lactation in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) breeds of two sizes

Cited by 31 publications

References 43 publications

Thermogenesis, food intake and serum leptin in cold-exposed lactating Brandt's volesLasiopodomys brandtii

Thermogenesis, food intake and serum leptin in cold-exposed lactating Brandt's volesLasiopodomys brandtii

Blubber morphology in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Southeastern United States: Influence of geographic location, age class, and reproductive state

Age‐related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their relationship to life expectancy

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