Energy allocations to xenobiotic transport and biotransformation reactions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during energy intake restriction

Gourley, Meagan E.; Kennedy, Christopher J.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.05.003

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…4). This finding is in contrast to previous studies showing that liver GST activity remained unchanged or decreased during food deprivation in rat and fish, respectively [45,46]. In the present study, reduced food intake also increased liver UDPGT mRNA expression by 99% (CI 5, 277) in the exposed herring gulls but not in the control group (Fig.…”

Section: Effect Of Fasting On Toxicokinetics Of Hocs In Herring Gullscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks

Routti

Helgason

Arukwe

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The aim of the present study was to investigate how contaminant exposure and reduced food intake affect tissue distribution and biotransformation of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in Arctic seabirds using herring gull (Larus argentatus) as a model species. Herring gull chicks were exposed for 44 d to cod liver oil containing a typical mixture of contaminants. Following exposure, food intake was reduced for a one-week period in a subgroup of the chicks. Polyclorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and brominated flame retardants, as well as a wide range of hydroxy, methyl sulfone, and methoxy compounds were measured in liver, brain, and plasma samples. Additionally, phase I biotransformation enzyme activities and phase I and II messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were investigated in the liver, brain, or both. Both contaminant exposure and reduced food intake had an increasing effect on the concentrations of HOCs and their metabolites. The HOC exposure and reduced food intake also led to increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation (EROD) activity, whereas mRNA expression of the biotransformation enzymes increased only following the reduced food intake. Tissue distribution of HOCs and their metabolites was not affected by either contaminant exposure or reduced food intake. In conclusion, the results indicate that biotransformation capacity and formation of HOC metabolites increase during reduced food intake. This finding supports the hypothesis that reduced food intake increases the susceptibility of Arctic animals to the effects of lipophilic HOCs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:156-164. # 2012 SETAC

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Section: Effect Of Fasting On Toxicokinetics Of Hocs In Herring Gullscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks

Routti

Helgason

Arukwe

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…In this study a significant induction of EROD activity was observed in livers from O. mykiss captured in one of the sampled fish farms. Basal EROD activity reported in the literature for O. mykiss range from 30 to 100 pmol min −1 mg −1 (Gourley & Kennedy, 2009; Brammell et al , 2010) and are similar to levels observed in animals from farm A, confirming that EROD activity detected in fish farm B was actually elevated and probably a consequence of an induction associated with a chemical or physical stressor.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Differences in the induction of cyp1A and related genes in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Additional considerations for the use of EROD activity as a biomarker

Valdehíta

Fernández‐Cruz

Torrent

et al. 2012

Journal of Fish Biology

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Two rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fish farms were repeatedly sampled in order to observe the variability of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and of related genes in the liver. Fish coming from fish farm A exhibited EROD levels that could be considered as basal according to the scientific literature, however, EROD activity in fish coming from fish farm B was significantly increased. This was accompanied by augmented aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) and cytochrome P4501A (cyp1A) messenger RNA expression and reduced oestrogen receptor (er) and vitellogenin (vtg) transcription. Only sediment extracts from the entry channel of fish farm B induced EROD activity in O. mykiss cultured cells, however, this induction could not be explained by the levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) measured in the sediments. The results of this study point out that O. mykiss cultured in fish farms could be used as sentinels for indication of pollution. In this particular work, however, no conclusive evidence has been found for a relationship between the presence of PAHs and PCBs and the observed EROD induction.

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“…Several different glutathione-s-transferases were found reduced in expression in the ASL fish. Interestingly glutathione-s-transferase activity was down regulated in rainbow trout following 6 weeks starvation [66], a considerably longer time of starvation than in the present study indicating the decrease in the activity of this enzyme may be accelerated by infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Starvation alters the liver transcriptome of the innate immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

et al. 2010

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BackgroundThe immune response is an energy demanding process, which has effects in many physiological pathways in the body including protein and lipid metabolism. During an inflammatory response the liver is required to produce high levels of acute phase response proteins that attempt to neutralise an invading pathogen. Although this has been extensively studied in both mammals and fish, little is known about how high and low energy reserves modulate the response to an infection in fish which are ectothermic vertebrates. Food withdrawal in fish causes a decrease in metabolic rate so as to preserve protein and lipid energy reserves, which occurs naturally during the life cycle of many salmonids. Here we investigated how the feeding or fasting of Atlantic salmon affected the transcriptional response in the liver to an acute bacterial infection.ResultsTotal liver RNA was extracted from four different groups of salmon. Two groups were fed or starved for 28 days. One of each of the fed or starved groups was then exposed to an acute bacterial infection. Twenty four hours later (day 29) the livers were isolated from all fish for RNA extraction. The transcriptional changes were examined by micro array analysis using a 17 K Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray. The expression profiling results showed major changes in gene transcription in each of the groups. Enrichment for particular biological pathways was examined by analysis of gene ontology. Those fish that were starved decreased immune gene transcription and reduced production of plasma protein genes, and upon infection there was a further decrease in genes encoding plasma proteins but a large increase in acute phase response proteins. The latter was greater in magnitude than in the fish that had been fed prior to infection. The expression of several genes that were found altered during microarray analysis was confirmed by real time PCR.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that both starvation and infection have profound effects on transcription in the liver of salmon. There was a significant effect on the transcriptional response to infection depending on the prior feeding regime of the fish. It is likely that the energy demands on protein synthesis for acute phase response proteins are relatively high in the starved fish which have reduced energy reserves. This has implications for dietary control of fish if an immune response is anticipated.

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Energy allocations to xenobiotic transport and biotransformation reactions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during energy intake restriction

Cited by 21 publications

References 100 publications

Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks

Effect of reduced food intake on toxicokinetics of halogenated organic contaminants in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks

Differences in the induction of cyp1A and related genes in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Additional considerations for the use of EROD activity as a biomarker

Starvation alters the liver transcriptome of the innate immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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