Energy and Gaseous Metabolism of the Chicken from Hatch to Maturity as Affected by Temperature

Ascites Syndrome in Broiler Chickens - A Physiological Syndrome Affected by Red Blood Cell

“…The ability to maintain a stable Tb springs from the mechanisms that control heat production and heat loss; mechanisms that changed in the course of evolution, to enable endothermia to replace ectothermia [127,128]. Birds mostly respond to acute or chronic cold exposure by increasing their metabolic rate and oxygen requirement [129,130]. It was reported that a drop in environmental temperature from 20 to 2C almost doubled the oxygen requirement of White Leghorn hens [131], and in another study there was a 32.7% increase in oxygen requirement in response to low temperatures [132].…”

Olfaction in vector-host interactions

“…Zöllner et al (2004) released carbon dioxide at a rate equivalent to two cattle (20 l/min) in a riparian habitat in daytime and detected the plume with a carbon dioxide sensor 64 m downwind (the maximum distance sampled) as fluctuations of 300 ppm over background, albeit with frequency of contact inversely proportional to distance from the source. Of course, the rate of release of carbon dioxide from smaller vertebrate hosts would be less -chickens produce about 30-40 ml/min (Barott andPringle 1946, Clements 1999). The distances over which carbon dioxide alone is effective as an attractant have been measured with ramp traps arrayed in a radial pattern from a central release of carbon dioxide at a rate equivalent to two calves (Gillies and Wilkes 1969, 1970.…”

The effect of cold and dietary energy on right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure and ascites in meat‐type chickens

“…In the present experiment cold also caused a significant increase in heart weight (Tables 6 and 7). Chicks have a very narrow thermoneutral zone and any temperature below an optimum increases the oxygen requirement (Barott and Pringle, 1946;Olson etal., 1972).…”