Energy and hydraulic efficiency in conventional water supply systems

Exploring the water-energy nexus in Brazil: The electricity use for water supply

“…It is verified that the water loss reduction in distribution networks is one of the most important efficiency measures for water and electricity savings in the WSSs. Various methodologies and tools for this purpose are presented in the literature, for example, by Vilanova and Balestieri [19] and Mutikanga et al [33]. The application of such methodology to reduce the water losses has impacts of medium and high level in hydraulic and energy efficiency of the WSSs, which can generate electricity savings from 25% to 50% [19].…”

“…According to Vilanova and Balestieri [19], the medium energy intensity of the Brazilian largest regional water companies is of 0.69 kWh m À3 , while water loss rates are about 40% e one of the major water and energy source wastes in water supply systems (WSSs). It is crucial to understand and quantify the electricity use for the water supply for the development of integrated public policies that ensure the sustainable use of both resources through efficient models and technologies, management actions on the supply and demand sides, as well as for planning the supply expansion through appropriated options.…”

PATs Operating in Water Networks under Unsteady Flow Conditions: Control Valve Manoeuvre and Overspeed Effect

“…The need to increase the efficiency in pressurized water networks has allowed the development of new water management strategies in the last decades [1,2]. These strategies have focused on two different directions according to the water pressurized network type (i.e., pumped or gravity systems).…”

“…Commonly, the flow rate is between 1 and 100 l/s and the head rate oscillates between 1 and 80 m w.c. (meters water column) However, The unsteady flow can be analysed by a one-dimensional (1D) model type in pressurized pipe systems with higher length than diameter, using the mass and momentum conservation equations which are derived from the Reynolds transport theorem [35]. These principles are defined by differential Equations (1) and (2) (2) where H is the piezometric head in m; t is the time in s; c is the pressure wave speed in m/s, which is defined by the Equation (3); g is the gravity acceleration in m/s 2 ; A is the inner area of the pipe in m 2 ; Q is the flow in m 3 /s; x is the coordinate along the pipeline axis; τ w is the shear stress at the pipe wall in N/m 2 ; ρ is the density of the fluid in kg/m 3 ; and D is the inner diameter of the pipe in m. c = K ρ(1+(K/E)ps) (3) where K is the fluid bulk modulus of elasticity in N/m 2 ; E is the Young's modulus of elasticity of the pipe in N/m 2 ; and ps is the dimensionless parameter that takes into account the cross-section parameter of the pipe and supports constraint.…”

Optimization Strategy for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Irrigation Systems by Micro Hydropower: Practical Application

“…The importance of hydraulic systems as energy consumers is shown through the worldwide consumption of energy, in which the energy consumption for water supply networks represents 7% of the total consumed energy [2]. If this value is discretized, the distribution is approximately one-third (2-3%) of this consumption [3].…”