2009
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02421-4_7
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Energy and Water in Aestivating Amphibians

Abstract: The physiological mechanisms, behavioral adjustments, and ecological associations that allow animal species to live in extreme environments have evoked the attention of many zoologists. Often, extreme environments are defined as those believed to be limiting to life in terms of water, energetic availability, and temperature. These three elements seem extreme in a number of arid and semi-arid settings that even so have been colonized by amphibians. Because this taxon is usually seen as the quintessential water-… Show more

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Cited by 44 publications
(39 citation statements)
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“…( P. marmoratum ; Seimon et al., 2007), around salt flats in central‐western Argentina ( P. nebulosum ), or the extremely dry Caatinga in north‐east Brazil ( P. alium , P. diplolister ), with some of them ( P. bufoninum , P. cinereum , P. marmoratum ) being one of the two or three or sometimes even the only anuran living in certain areas. While environmental physiological studies on Pleurodema are still scarce (Ruibal, 1962; Carvalho et al., 2010), they have pointed to unusual water conservation strategies in arid and saline environments. As a whole, the group seems a promising clade for evolutionary studies of physiological responses to extreme environmental conditions.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…( P. marmoratum ; Seimon et al., 2007), around salt flats in central‐western Argentina ( P. nebulosum ), or the extremely dry Caatinga in north‐east Brazil ( P. alium , P. diplolister ), with some of them ( P. bufoninum , P. cinereum , P. marmoratum ) being one of the two or three or sometimes even the only anuran living in certain areas. While environmental physiological studies on Pleurodema are still scarce (Ruibal, 1962; Carvalho et al., 2010), they have pointed to unusual water conservation strategies in arid and saline environments. As a whole, the group seems a promising clade for evolutionary studies of physiological responses to extreme environmental conditions.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, extended inactivity periods may take a toll on the body condition of both hibernating and estivating amphibians. In this context, where surviving cold conditions may be essential in temperate climates, the maintenance of energy and water balance may be crucial for estivating individuals (Carvalho et al 2010). Estivation characterizes a significant part of the amphibian fauna in semiarid biomes throughout the world (Carvalho et al 2010), but the impact of climate change on estivating amphibians remains an elusive topic despite its relevance not only in the context of survival, but also other key aspects of natural history, including growth (Sinsch et al 2007).…”
Section: Amphibian Physiological Ecology In the Context Of Climate Chmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Due to their relatively water-permeable epidermis, many aestivators form cocoons upon initial exposure to drought as a physical method to minimize transcutaneous water loss. These cocoons can be generated from many constituents such as mucous secretions from the epidermal skin glands in the semiaquatic African lungfish genus Protopterus (Carvalho et al, 2010), or via a series of skin molts in burrowing frogs like the reed frog (Hyperolius viridiflavus) to create a thick body covering of dead skin (Jorgensen, 1997;Geise and Linsenmair, 1986). These physical barriers provide a significant reduction in evaporative water loss, but, once formed, the animal becomes a closed system and must rely on internal carbohydrate and lipid reserves as a source of energy fuel (Cartledge et al, 2007).…”
Section: Strategies To Delay Rapid Dehydrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Metabolic rate depression also facilitates an animal's response to hypoxia, caused by dehydration stress as will be discussed in section 1.2.1., by reducing the rate of oxygen consumption and the dependency of tissues on oxygen delivery during stress ). This strategy is seen in the African lungfish genus Protopterus, particularly P. amphibious, a species that can survive in this dormant state for as long as 6 years using adaptations including the formation of a water-impermeable cocoon and a 95% suppression of its basal metabolic rate (Carvalho et al, 2010). Similarly, spadefoot toads can survive 9-10 months of dormancy owing to an 80% suppression of its basal metabolic rate that allows fuel reserves to be conserved and depleted slowly over a prolonged time period (Cowan and Storey, 2002).…”
Section: Metabolic Rate Depressionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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