Energy-Aware Resource Management in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks With Hybrid Energy Sources

Abstract

Abstract-In this paper, we focus on reducing the on-grid energy consumption in Heterogeneous Radio Access Networks (HetNets) supplied with hybrid power sources (grid and renewables). The energy efficiency problem is analyzed over both short-and long-timescales by means of reactive and proactive management strategies. For short-timescale case, a renewable-energy aware User Equipment (UE)-Base Station (BS) association is proposed and analyzed for the cases when no storage infrastructure is available. For long-timescale case, a traffic flow method is proposed for load balancing in renewable energy BSs, which is combined with a model predictive controller (MPC) to include forecast capabilities of the renewable energy source behavior in order to better exploit a Green HetNet with storage support. The mechanisms are evaluated with data of solar measurements from the region of Valle de Aburrá, Medellín, Colombia and wind estimations from the Moscow region, Russian Federation. Results show how the green association proposal can reduce ongrid energy consumption in a HetNet by up to 34%, while is able to exceed the savings obtained by other methods, including the best-signal level policy by up to 15%, additionally providing high network efficiency and low computational complexity. For the long-timescale case, MPC attainable savings can be up to 22% with respect to the on-grid only Macro-BS approach. Finally, an analysis of our proposals in a common scenario is included, which highlights the relevance of storage management, although emphasizing the importance of combining reactive and proactive methods in a common framework to exploit the best of each approach.

Optimum Sizing of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems for Powering Green Base Stations in Cellular Networks

“…Optimal energy management of green next generation telecommunication networks is another aspect which was investigated in [2,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. The "energy consumption-based and user joint allocation" approach together with "the energy cost-based and user joint allocation" method were presented in [2].…”

“…After converting the two multi-objective optimization problems into two convex optimization problems, the convex optimization toolbox in MATLAB (MathWorks corporate, Natick, MA, USA) was used to solve the optimal allocation strategies. The focus in [15] was on decreasing the "on-grid energy consumption in Heterogeneous telecommunication Networks (HetNets)" supplied with hybrid power sources while analyzing the short-and long-term energy efficiency problem. In [16], a user association approach for improving the behavior of hybrid energy-based HetNets was proposed.…”

Techno-Economic and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Optimal Power Supply Solutions for Green Cellular Base Stations

“…The evolution of mobile traffic demands such a video streaming service, cloud storage, and social networking is expected to increase the annual multiplication rate of 46% (i.e. a seven-fold increase) over the duration of 2016 to 2021 [1]. To tackle this escalating energy demand, telecom…”

Resource Scheduling and Energy Cooperation in HetNet with Cross-Layer Interference Constraints

“…However, owing to the dynamics of renewable energy generation and limited capacity of energy storage, sole RES may not guarantee enough power supplies for all kinds of BSs. Hence, HetNets are more likely to adopt hybrid energy supplies with both traditional power grid and RES [3][4][5], and the works in [10][11][12][13] focused on resource allocation in hybrid energy powered cellular networks, where the power grid is needed to provide reliable energy to BSs.…”