Energy balance: a crucial issue for exercise and sports medicine

Blair, Steven N.; Hand, Gregory A.; Hill, James O.

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094592

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…289 Importantly, while total activity was higher in females, neither activity-induced EE or feeding 290 patterns appear to be associated with sex differences in weight gain and body composition. 291 EB is not a simple static equation but is rather a dynamic system with EI and EE continually 292 regulating one another to influence thermoregulation and body mass [6][7][8]. It has been proposed 293 that mammalian physiology has evolved such that optimal maintenance of EB and body weight 294 is achieved at higher levels of EE [6][7][8].…”

Section: Activity Components Of Energy Metabolism 252mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…291 EB is not a simple static equation but is rather a dynamic system with EI and EE continually 292 regulating one another to influence thermoregulation and body mass [6][7][8]. It has been proposed 293 that mammalian physiology has evolved such that optimal maintenance of EB and body weight 294 is achieved at higher levels of EE [6][7][8]. Jean Mayer was the first to demonstrate in rodents and 295 humans that EB is more highly regulated at higher levels of EE (as increased physical activity), 296 establishing a coupling of EI and EE within certain limits [31,32].…”

Section: Activity Components Of Energy Metabolism 252mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though not reported, lean mass was determined during the body composition analysis 336 and showed the same outcomes as calculated fat-free mass. Importantly, differences in body 337 composition driven by ambient temperature and sex were only apparent during the HFHS 338 feeding, illustrating the importance of EE to limit excessive weight gain and adiposity during 339 consumption of energy dense diets [6][7][8]. 340…”

Section: Activity Components Of Energy Metabolism 252mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…given time frame when the difference in energy intake exceeds energy expenditure resulting in a 25 positive energy balance [6]. This positive energy balance represents a shift in the flux of energy 26 consumed from expenditure to storage [6][7][8], comprised primarily of increased fat mass [9]. 27 Previous research shows that a complex combination of hedonic, hormonal, metabolic, and 28 sexually dimorphic regulatory mechanisms can alter energy intake and/or energy expenditure 29 [10][11][12][13], but the integrated mechanisms that regulate episodic weight gain during acute periods 30 of energy dense feeding remain unclear.…”

Section: Introduction 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergent Energy Expenditure Impacts Mouse Metabolic Adaptation to Acute High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Producing Sexually Dimorphic Weight Gain Patterns

Morris

Noland

Allen

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Highlights Utilized ambient temperature differences as an experimental tool to study the impact of divergent baseline energy expenditure on metabolic adaptation to high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Baseline energy expenditure and sex interact to impact diet-induced changes in body composition and weight gain. The energy expenditure and sex interaction is a result of an inverse relationship between fat mass gain and weight-adjusted total energy expenditure, as well as, diet-induced non-shivering thermogenesis. These data support that the hypothesis that higher energy expenditure amplifies the coupling of energy intake to energy expenditure during energy dense feeding, resulting in reduced positive energy balance and reduced gains in weight and adiposity. First evidence that energy expenditure level plays a role in the composition of weight gained by female mice during acute HFHS feeding. This study further highlights issues with obesity/energy metabolism research performed in mice at sub-thermoneutral housing temperatures, particularly with sex comparisons. GRAPHIC ABSTRACTLegend: Male and female mice housed at 30⁰C had lower energy expenditure (EE) & energy intake (EI), while having greater energy balance (EB), during 7-day high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) feeding compared to male and female mice, respectively, housed at 20⁰C. However, female mice had lower EB compared to males at both housing temperature. Female mice housed at 30⁰C gained less weight than 30⁰C males but gained the same relative amount of fat mass during acute HFHS feeding. Interestingly, 20⁰C females gained the same amount of weight as 20⁰C males but gained primarily fat-free mass, while the males gained the same proportion of fat as 30⁰C males and females. ABSTRACT 1Objective: Long-term weight gain can result from cumulative small weight increases due to 2 short-term excess caloric intake during weekends and holidays. Increased physical activity may 3 mediate weight gain through increases in energy expenditure (EE) and reductions in energy 4 balance. Current methods for modulating mouse EE (e.g. -exercise, chemical uncouplers, etc.) 5 have confounding effects. However, it is known that mouse EE linearly increases as housing 6 temperature decreases below the thermoneutral zone. Methods: To determine how robust 7 differences in baseline EE impact 7-day changes in weight and body composition on low-fat and 8 high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diets, we performed indirect calorimetry measurements in male 9 and female mice housed at divergent temperatures (20⁰C vs. 30⁰C). Results: As expected, 10 mice housed at 30⁰C have ~40% lower total EE and energy intake compared to 20⁰C mice 11 regardless of diet or sex. Energy balance was increased with HFHS in all groups, with ~30% 12 greater increases observed in 30⁰C versus 20⁰C mice. HFHS increased weight gain regardless 13 of temperature or sex. Interestingly, no HFHS-induced weight gain differences were observed 14 between females at different temperatures. In contrast, 30⁰C male mice on HFHS gained ~50% 15 more...

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Section: Activity Components Of Energy Metabolism 252mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activity Components Of Energy Metabolism 252mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activity Components Of Energy Metabolism 252mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Divergent Energy Expenditure Impacts Mouse Metabolic Adaptation to Acute High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Producing Sexually Dimorphic Weight Gain Patterns

Morris

Noland

Allen

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, scientists funded by Coca-Cola concluded in their research that obesity and NCDs are largely due to an imbalance between food intake and exercise, rather than the kind and amount of food consumed (Blair, Hand, & Hill, 2015;Nestle, 2018). On the website of the Global Energy Balance Network (an NGO, affiliated with Coca-Cola) researchers even argued that the key to weight loss is not reducing food consumption, but "maintaining an active lifestyle and eating more calories" (O'Connor, 2015).…”

Section: Involvement In Science and Politicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Janus-faced food industry? : ethical reflections on corporate responsibility for health

Tempels¹

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Chapter 1 I. Understanding the food industry's role in the rise of foodrelated health problems The rise of non-communicable disease and unhealthy diets Over the past forty years the WHO has been ringing the alarm bells to raise awareness and stimulate action to counter the rise of malnutrition and NCDs. NCDs are chronic diseases that can last a long time and are killing over 41 million people a year. While they often occur as a result of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors, they are strongly associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. In 2011 the then WHO chairman, Margaret Chan, addressed the United Nations stating that: "The worldwide increase of noncommunicable diseases is a slow-motion disaster, as most of these diseases develop over time. But unhealthy lifestyles that fuel these diseases are spreading with a stunning speed and sweep" (Chan, 2011). The notion of an unhealthy lifestyle is directly connected to our food consumption. Unhealthy diets foster high blood pressure, elevated blood lipids as well as obesity. These are metabolic risk factors for NCDs such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (WHO, 2018). Our global food system plays a part in this, in a seemingly contradictory way. On the one hand the system is unable to meet the global demand, leading people to be underfed, while at the same time an increasing number of people are suffering from overweight and obesity (Stuckler et al., 2012; Stuckler & Nestle, 2012). While paradoxical at first glance, overnutrition and undernutrition are different sides of the same coin, namely that of malnutrition. People, especially those living in poverty, frequently have little choice to opt for the healthier food, as the choice might not be available, or when it is, it is too expensive. This leaves society's poor with little choice: either they do not eat, or they opt for cheap high-processed food-that is usually high on salt, sugar and fat (Development Initiatives, 2018; Ratcliffe, 2018; Stuckler & Nestle, 2012). Empirical studies also confirm that that the consumption of unhealthy food products like soft drinks, red meat and ultra-processed foods has increased over the past years (Afshin et al., 2019; Imamura et al., 2015; Micha et al., 2015). Stuckler and colleagues showed how the consumption of unhealthy commodities between 1997 II. Philosophical perspectives on responsibility and food-related health problems On business ethics and corporate responsibility Business ethics aims to articulate and explain the normative principles which can guide right action in business. Since firms and entrepreneurs are involved in many different affairs, the business ethics debate is very broad and focusses on various dimensions that relate to the conduct of business, ranging from the interactions between firms and consumers, between firms and employees, as well as between firms and society as a whole (Moriarty, 2017). General ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology or virtue ethics can be applied to explain how individuals should inter...

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Difference in Housing Temperature‐Induced Energy Expenditure Elicits Sex‐Specific Diet‐Induced Metabolic Adaptations in Mice

Morris

Noland

Allen

et al. 2020

Obesity

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Objective The aim of this study was to test whether increased energy expenditure (EE), independent of physical activity, reduces acute diet‐induced weight gain through tighter coupling of energy intake to energy demand and enhanced metabolic adaptations. Methods Indirect calorimetry and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess energy metabolism and body composition during 7‐day high‐fat/high‐sucrose (HFHS) feeding in male and female mice housed at divergent temperatures (20°C vs. 30°C). Results As previously observed, 30°C housing resulted in lower total EE and energy intake compared with 20°C mice regardless of sex. Interestingly, housing temperature did not impact HFHS‐induced weight gain in females, whereas 30°C male mice gained more weight than 20°C males. Energy intake coupling to EE during HFHS feeding was greater in 20°C versus 30°C housing, with females greater at both temperatures. Fat mass gain was greater in 30°C mice compared with 20°C mice, whereas females gained less fat mass than males. Strikingly, female 20°C mice gained considerably more fat‐free mass than 30°C mice. Reduced fat mass gain was associated with greater metabolic flexibility to HFHS, whereas fat‐free mass gain was associated with diet‐induced adaptive thermogenesis. Conclusions These data reveal that EE and sex interact to impact energy homeostasis and metabolic adaptation to acute HFHS feeding, altering weight gain and body composition change.

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Energy balance: a crucial issue for exercise and sports medicine

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Divergent Energy Expenditure Impacts Mouse Metabolic Adaptation to Acute High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Producing Sexually Dimorphic Weight Gain Patterns

Divergent Energy Expenditure Impacts Mouse Metabolic Adaptation to Acute High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Producing Sexually Dimorphic Weight Gain Patterns

A Janus-faced food industry? : ethical reflections on corporate responsibility for health

Difference in Housing Temperature‐Induced Energy Expenditure Elicits Sex‐Specific Diet‐Induced Metabolic Adaptations in Mice

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