Energy balance and environmental impacts of rice and wheat production: A case study in Nepal

Pokhrel, Anil; Soni, Peeyush

doi:10.25165/j.ijabe.20191201.3270

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Among all livestock products, particularly the production of mutton/pork/bovine meat F I G U R E 3 Environmental variables assessed in the included studies. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][43][44][45]56 had the highest GHG emissions. 16,17,19,21,22 In a few studies where the authors considered dairy products along with eggs and meat in the category of livestock, based on the consumption pattern of Indians, dairy products or eggs contributed a greater percentage of GHG emissions compared to meat.…”

Section: Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With almost 66% of people earning their livelihood in the agriculture sector, Nepal can be deemed as an agriculture-based country. In our review, all five studies [36][37][38][39][40] identified from Nepal focused on GHG emissions. Two studies 38,39 conducted by Pokhrel and Soni 38,39 utilised primary data collected from farmers (information about inputs such as seeds, labour, draft animal, farmyard manure, chemical fertilisers, diesel fuel, farm machinery and farm tools).…”

Section: Nepalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our review, all five studies [36][37][38][39][40] identified from Nepal focused on GHG emissions. Two studies 38,39 conducted by Pokhrel and Soni 38,39 utilised primary data collected from farmers (information about inputs such as seeds, labour, draft animal, farmyard manure, chemical fertilisers, diesel fuel, farm machinery and farm tools). The results showed estimated values for CO 2 e emissions of 1786-2708 kg CO 2 e/ha and 843-1496 kg CO 2 e/ha from rice and wheat production systems, respectively.…”

Section: Nepalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental imprints of agricultural and livestock produce: A scoping review from South Asian countries

Sachdeva,

Puri,

Aeri

2023

J Human Nutrition Diet

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BackgroundAgricultural activities in 2020 have resulted in 5.5 billion tons of CO2 equivalent globally, which is expected to rise because the food system would have to grow 70% more food for the population in 2050. Research suggests that agricultural productivity in South Asian countries, will increase food security; however, the role of their food crops and livestock products in environmental imprints is uncertain. This review aimed to assess the environmental impacts resulting from pre‐ and post‐production agricultural activities related to edible food crops and livestock products consumed in eight South Asian countries.MethodsStudies were retrieved using three databases (PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct) from 2011 to 2022. The protocol for this scoping review was not registered.ResultsTwenty‐seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in India. Twenty‐four articles assessed greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, followed by water footprints (n = 5), nitrogen and phosphorus (N&P) emissions (n = 4), and land requirements (n = 4). The production of rice and wheat was identified as a significant contributor to GHG emissions. In India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, the production of livestock (meat/bovine/shrimp and milk) was reported to be harmful to the environment. Inconclusive data were retrieved for other environment variables.ConclusionsDiversification in food production and cultivating additional coarse cereals (millets) offer opportunities for GHG reduction. Nevertheless, more comprehensive and longitudinal studies for South Asian countries are essential to make precise conclusions and validate the present review.

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Section: Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nepalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nepalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental imprints of agricultural and livestock produce: A scoping review from South Asian countries

Sachdeva,

Puri,

Aeri

2023

J Human Nutrition Diet

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“…Very few such studies, however, have been conducted in Nepal. A comparative study of energy and environment impact analysis was conducted by Pokharel and Soni in 2019 (Pokhrel and Soni 2019) for two crops (rice and wheat) via a survey of two western districts: Banke for terai land and Surkhet for hilly terrain within Nepal. The study has concluded that the rice production via terai land and wheat production in a hilly region are more energy and environmentally efficient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Profitable and Energy-Efficient Is Nepal’s Crop Production? A Case Study of Spring Rice Production in Jhapa District

et al. 2021

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Purpose We investigated the energy usage, economics, and global warming potential (GWP) of spring rice production via farm sizes in Nepal. Methods Seventy farmers were selected via purposive sampling methods, and data were collected by interviewing the farmers on site. Results It was found that 22,987 mega joules of energy per hectare (MJ/ha) was invested in order to yield 77,355 MJ/ha worth of outputs (5262 kg/ha). The analysis shows that the highest share of energy input was contributed by machinery (33.50%) and least by chemicals (0.96%). It was further found that spring rice farming in Nepal is less energy productive (0.23 kg/MJ) and less energy efficient (3.37) than that of neighboring countries-such as India, China, and Pakistan. The total GWP is estimated about 720.56 kg CO 2 eq/ha. The average cost of production was found to equate to USD810.24/ha (or USD0.154/kg of production), and that profit only reached USD73.93/ha. Conclusion This study found that energy use, cost of production, and yield per ha all generally decrease as the size of the landholding increases, whereas energy use efficiency and profits increase to an optimum level of land size and inputs. Low profits could be the result of the small size of landholdings and low levels of mechanization. This can be improved by increasing energy inputs and practicing community-farming.

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“…Spatial differences in the value of individual ecosystem services in the energy subsystem are due to population density, heavy industry development, and transportation lines. Grain production peaks in the belly of the study area because of more suitable land cover type, slope, water availability, and environmental factors compared to the highlands(Boisvert et al 2013;Pokhrel and Soni 2019). Furthermore, urban expansion and water storage reduce the quality of cultivated land, resulting in fragmentation, low grain production capacity, and spatial differences in the value of individual ecosystem services in the food subsystem.The interaction of WEF based on GEPBoth the trade-off and the synergy of the value of the ecosystem service function are of utmost importance to the management of the ecosystem and the sustainable development of the region.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing Spatio-Temporal Changes and Trade-offs/Synergies of Gross Ecosystem Product based on Water-Energy-Food in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

Wang

Wen

2023

Preprint

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Context The value of all the ultimate goods and services that the ecosystem provides for human welfare and long-term economic and social development is known as the gross ecosystem product (GEP). For the study of GEP accounting, the suggested water-energy-food (WEF) nexus offers a fresh viewpoint. Objectives The aim of this work is to build a GEP accounting index system based on WEF, investigate its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, and assess trade-offs and synergies between and within water, energy, and food subsystems. Methods We used the Biophysical & monetary method to calculate the GEP amount based on WEF in five time periods (2005, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2021) and ArcGIS for spatial mapping. Functional quantity value of ecosystem services interactions were identified by statistically analyzing the spatiotemporal pattern. Results Considering the passage of time, the GEP based on WEF in the TGRA displayed an increase trend. From the standpoint of spatial evolution, the spatial distribution pattern of GEP based on WEF showed a spatial pattern of "high in the east and west, low in the middle". The GEP trade-offs based on WEF was dominating. It was discovered that the distribution space of cold and hot areas of a single ecosystem service function value in the three subsystems had spatial variances. Conclusions This study demonstrated that GEP based on WEF presents spatial heterogeneity, and the water subsystem contributed the highest proportion of ecosystem service value, and the tradeoffs/synergies of ecosystem service value were different at different times, as a whole and locally.

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Energy balance and environmental impacts of rice and wheat production: A case study in Nepal

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Environmental imprints of agricultural and livestock produce: A scoping review from South Asian countries

Environmental imprints of agricultural and livestock produce: A scoping review from South Asian countries

How Profitable and Energy-Efficient Is Nepal’s Crop Production? A Case Study of Spring Rice Production in Jhapa District

Analyzing Spatio-Temporal Changes and Trade-offs/Synergies of Gross Ecosystem Product based on Water-Energy-Food in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

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