Energy Consumption Prediction of a Greenhouse and Optimization of Daily Average Temperature

Shen, Yongtao; Wei, Ran; Xu, Lihong

doi:10.3390/en11010065

Cited by 99 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Given the vegetables chosen, an appropriate greenhouse temperature must be selected for the simulations. The optimal temperature for vegetables is between 18 and 28 • C; in cold locations a temperature closer to the lower bound, 20 • C, is appropriate [38,39,72], although this may inhibit the choice of tomatoes as a vegetable in favor of some others that prosper best in cooler conditions (kale, chard, etc.). The lower temperature choice provides adequate growing conditions while reducing temperature differential.…”

Section: Building and Vegetable Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With no GHG emissions, geothermal energy can provide the heating, cooling, and electricity needs of a facility, depending on location and the quality of the geothermal resource. A controlled environment greenhouse is energy intensive, with over 50% of operational costs dedicated to energy demands, the majority of which is to control temperature [35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Food Production in Canada’s Remote Northern Communities

et al. 2019

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The cold, remote, northern regions of Canada constitute a challenging environment for the provision of reliable energy and food supply to communities. A transition from fossil fuels to renewables-based sources of energy is one positive step in reducing the greenhouse gases from the energy supply system, which currently requires long-distance transport of diesel for electricity and heating needs. Geothermal energy can not only displace diesel for part of this energy need, it can provide a base-load source of local energy to support food production and mitigate adverse impacts of food insecurity on communities. In this proof-of-concept study, we highlight some potential benefits of using geothermal energy to serve Canada's northern communities. Specifically, we focus on food security and evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of producing vegetables in a "controlled environment", using ground sources of heat for energy requirements at three remote locations-Resolute Bay, Nunavut, as well as Moosonee and Pagwa in Ontario. The system is designed for geothermal district heating combined with efficient use of nutrients, water, and heat to yield a diverse crop of vegetables at an average cost up to 50% lower than the current cost of these vegetables delivered to Resolute Bay. The estimates of thermal energy requirements vary by location (e.g., they are in the range of 41 to 44 kW of thermal energy for a single greenhouse in Resolute Bay). To attain adequate system size to support the operation of such greenhouses, it is expected that up to 15% of the annually recommended servings of vegetables can be provided. Our comparative analysis of geothermal system capital costs shows significantly lower capital costs in Southern Ontario compared to Northern Canada-lower by one-third. Notwithstanding high capital costs, our study demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of producing vegetables cost-effectively in the cold northern climate. This suggests that geothermal energy systems can supply the heat needed for greenhouse applications in remote northern regions, supplying a reliable and robust source of cost-competitive sustainable energy over the long-term and providing a basis for improved food security and economic empowerment of communities.Energies 2019, 12, 4058 2 of 25 and food insecurity, water scarcity, ocean pollution, and environmental threats, such as climate change, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and air pollution [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Limitations of nonrenewable energy sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, and uranium [2,15,16], including the high cost of exploration, exploitation, and transportation, as well as ancillary factors such as political issues [17], have resulted in concerns over energy. Additionally, burning fossil fuels for electricity generation, heating and cooling needs is deemed a major contributor to emissions of GHGs [3,[18][19][20][21][22][23].Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a principal GHG agent, and new, long-residence CO 2 is...

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Section: Building and Vegetable Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Food Production in Canada’s Remote Northern Communities

et al. 2019

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“…The heat absorbed by the translucent surface of the GCH due to solar radiation is estimated using the next equation [29,30]:…”

Section: The Internal Air Temperature Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Simulation of Temperature and Relative Humidity Inside a Growth Chamber

et al. 2019

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Modeling and simulation of internal variables such as temperature and relative humidity are relevant for designing future climate control systems. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to predict the internal variables temperature and relative humidity (RH) of a growth chamber (GCH). Both variables are incorporated in a set of first-order differential equations, considering an energy-mass balance. The results of the model are compared and assessed in terms of the coefficients of determination (R 2 ) and the root mean squared error (RMSE). The R 2 and RMSE computed were R 2 = 0.96, R 2 = 0.94, RMSE = 0.98 • C, and RMSE = 1.08 • C, respectively, for the temperature during two consecutive weeks; and R 2 = 0.83, R 2 = 0.81, RMSE = 5.45%RH, and RMSE = 5.48%RH, respectively, for the relative humidity during the same period. Thanks to the passive systems used to control internal conditions, the growth chamber gives average differences between inside and outside of +0.34 • C for temperature, and +15.7%RH for humidity without any climate control system. Operating, the GCH proposed in this paper produces 3.5 kg of wet hydroponic green forage (HGF) for each kilogram of seed (corn or barley) harvested on average. Energies 2019, 12, 4056 2 of 22techniques are analyzed to maintain the following critical variables: Temperature, humidity, lighting, and carbon dioxide concentration [1,2]. Other research projects predict the behavior of one or more variables and provide an appropriate response to keep these variables within the desired limits [3][4][5]. Most of the research on modeling and simulations has mainly been developed for greenhouses [6][7][8][9][10][11] to predict the internal environmental conditions of enclosures utilized for cultivation and plant growth. Several studies from the perspective of different environments of models have also been pursued, with the objective of knowing the behavior of the internal variables, such as temperature and relative humidity, that will serve as support to later define an adequate strategy for controlling the growth conditions within an enclosure. Although the type of crop is not defined explicitly, its influence is implicit, given its inherent condition in the models. These studies have implemented different approaches to develop these models, such as neural networks, genetic algorithms, and neuro-fuzzy models [12][13][14][15][16], where the object of study centers on natural ventilation, forced ventilation, cooling evaporators, or systems that integrate calefaction [17][18][19][20], to mention a few of them. On the other hand, there are alternative studies not developed for greenhouse environments, and proposed by some authors to model and simulate temperature and humidity [21][22][23][24][25].

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“…According to Romanian standard SR 1907-3, the energy for heating the greenhouses was calculated, while considering the type of material that I sused for insulation and coatings [28].…”

Section: Hybrid Energy System: a Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Concept of an Energy System Based on Renewable Sources for Greenhouse Sustainable Agriculture

et al. 2018

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Bio-organic greenhouses that are based on alternative resources for producing heat and electricity stand out as an efficient option for the sustainable development of agriculture, thus ensuring good growth and development of plants in all seasons, especially during the cold season. Greenhouses can be used with maximum efficiency in various agricultural lands, providing ideal conditions of temperature and humidity for short-term plant growing, thereby increasing the local production of fruit and vegetables. This paper presents the development of a durable greenhouse concept that is based on complex energy system integrating fuel cells and solar panels. Approaching this innovative concept encountered a major problem in terms of local implementation of this type of greenhouses because of the difficulty in providing electrical and thermal energy from conventional sources to ensure an optimal climate for plant growing. The project result consists in the design and implementation of a sustainable greenhouse energy system that is based on fuel cells and solar panels.

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Energy Consumption Prediction of a Greenhouse and Optimization of Daily Average Temperature

Cited by 99 publications

References 22 publications

Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Food Production in Canada’s Remote Northern Communities

Geothermal Energy for Sustainable Food Production in Canada’s Remote Northern Communities

Modeling and Simulation of Temperature and Relative Humidity Inside a Growth Chamber

Design and Concept of an Energy System Based on Renewable Sources for Greenhouse Sustainable Agriculture

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