Energy cost of standing and circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf

Ortigues, Isabelle; Martin, Cécile; Vermorel, M.; Anglaret, Y.

doi:10.2527/1994.7282131x

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Calorimetric Measurements. Respiratory exchanges were measured by indirect calorimetry using open circuit respiration chambers as described by Vermorel et al (1973) and Ortigues et al (1994b). Measurements started after calves had sufficiently adapted to the diet.…”

Section: Measurements Feeds and Live Weightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EE of calves that were always standing was obtained from the measured standing EE, and from the measured lying EE to which was added an ECS value. A full description of these calculations is presented in Ortigues et al (1994b). Values of EE were then integrated over l-h periods, timed from meal distributions.…”

Section: Measurements Feeds and Live Weightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Determination of postprandial thermogenesis may be biased by changes in spontaneous physical activity, in particular by modifications in the time spent standing and its associated energy cost (Ortigues et al, 1994b). Quantification of the influence of physical activity on the postprandial changes in EE has rarely been done in animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf: whole animal and tissue level1

Ortigues

Martin

Durand

et al. 1995

Journal of Animal Science

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A study was conducted using four preruminant calves to determine the contribution of portal-drained viscera, liver, and hindquarters to circadian changes in total energy expenditure, after removing variations due to behavioral patterns. Indirect calorimetry and in vivo arterio-venous techniques were used. Standing time was longer (P < .01) after the meals and shorter (P < .01) at night. These variations were associated with higher (P < .01) energy cost of standing immediately after the meals and lower (P < .01) ones at night. When these behavioral effects were removed, total energy expenditure of lying calves was shown to be stable between the morning and evening meal, to increase by 11.5% and remained elevated during the 6 h after the evening meal, and to reach the lowest values at night. Portal-drained viscera and liver contributed 32.8 to 53.7% and 29.1 to 32.2%, respectively, to the circadian variations calculated for calves that were always standing. Changes in splanchnic tissue energy expenditure resulted from combined modifications in blood flow and O2 extraction rate. The contribution of hindquarters could not be clearly established. Overall, portal-drained viscera, liver, and hindquarters contributed 17.2, 12.8, and 18.0%, respectively, to total energy expenditure of standing calves. Their respective in vivo metabolic activities averaged 1.08, 2.10, and .25 mumol of O2 consumed.min-1.g-1 of fresh tissue.

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Section: Measurements Feeds and Live Weightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurements Feeds and Live Weightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf: whole animal and tissue level1

Ortigues

Martin

Durand

et al. 1995

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Beyond the 1st h after feeding ECS+E decreased with time post prandially with the lowest values being noted at night, as in pre-ruminant calves (Ortigues et al, 1994). Beyond the 1st h after feeding ECS+E decreased with time post prandially with the lowest values being noted at night, as in pre-ruminant calves (Ortigues et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Adaptation of whole animal energy metabolism to undernutrition in ewes: influence of time and posture

Ortigues

Vermorel

1996

Anim. Sci.

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The effects of undernutrition and of the duration of undernutrition on changes in whole animal energy metabolism and on spontaneous physical activity were studied in adult, non-lactating, non-pregnant ewes. Animals were first given food at 338 kj metabolizable energy (ME) per day per kg live weight-°' 75 (LW 0 ' 75 ), (M). Intake was then reduced by half (0-5M) during 7 weeks. Diet apparent digestibility decreased slightly with undernutrition. Rate of LW loss remained constant throughout the whole 0-5M period. Heat production (HP) declined by proportionately 0-18 within the 1st week at 0-5M and by another 0-05 in the following weeks. These latter changes were directly related to LW loss, since HP scaled to metabolic LW remained unchanged over the whole 0-5M period. Time spent standing decreased with undernutrition from proportionately 0-42 at M to 0-33 at 0-5M as a result of a reduction in the average duration of individual standing periods at all hours of the day except in a few hours preceeding feeding times. Energy cost of standing could not be dissociated from the energy cost of eating; these overall costs were not clearly modified by undernutrition but varied with time post prandially. Standing cost alone was estimated at 10 J/min per kg LW. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (k m ) was calculated at 0-71, and ME requirements for maintenance (MEm) at 338 kj/day per kg LW 0 ' 75 . No adaptation was noted with the duration of undernutrition. Accounting for the behavioural adaptation tended to increase k m to 0-74 but MEm remained unchanged, suggesting that the behavioural changes observed with undernutrition were not sufficient to significantly modify whole animal energy metabolism.

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“…In the few existing studies conducted in young animals ( 19 ) ( < 1-month-old), the effect of standing activity on heat production in veal calves has been accounted as the difference in average heat production measured during periods of standing and lying, which is probably insufficient to get an accurate estimate of the energy cost of physical activity ( 20 ) . In fact, the percentage of standing during the few hours following the meal was higher than later in the day and the difference consequently included part of heat production due to the digestive and metabolic utilizations of the meal ( 21 ) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Fasting heat production and energy cost of standing activity in veal calves

et al. 2008

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Metabolic body size of veal calves is still calculated by using the 0·75 exponent and no data were available to determine energy cost of physical activity during the whole fattening period. Data from two trials focusing on protein and/or energy requirements were used to determine the coefficient of metabolic body size and the energy cost of standing activity in male Prim'Holstein calves. Total heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry in ninety-five calves weighing 60-265 kg and was divided using a modelling approach between components related to the BMR, physical activity and feed intake. The calculation of the energy cost of standing activity was based on quantifying the physical activity by using force sensors on which the metabolism cage was placed and on the interruption of an IR beam allowing the determination of standing or lying position of the calf. The best exponent relating zero activity fasting heat production (FHP 0 ) to metabolic body size was 0·85, which differed significantly from the traditionally used 0·75. Per additional kJ metabolizable energy (ME) intake, FHP 0 increased by 0·28 kJ; at a conventional daily 650 kJ/kg body weight (BW) 0·85 ME intake, daily FHP 0 averaged 310 kJ/kg BW 0·85 . Calves stood up sixteen times per day; total duration of standing increased from 5·1 to 6·4 h per day as animals became older. The hourly energy cost of standing activity was proportional to BW 0·65 and was estimated as 12·4 kJ/kg BW 0·65 . These estimates allow for a better estimation of the maintenance energy requirements in veal calves.Veal calves: Heat production: Metabolic body size: Fasting heat production: Physical activity Knowledge on nutrient requirements of veal calves is mainly based on studies carried out during the 1960s and 1970s (1,2) although there has recently been increased research interest in veal calf production (3 -8) . Indeed, the conditions of fattening have greatly evolved since then in terms of breeds of the animals used as well as the body weight (BW) range of the fattening period. Metabolizable energy (ME) requirements have been determined according to a factorial method as the sum of the maintenance and production requirements. The maintenance ME requirement, which represents between 30 and 40 % of the total energy requirement in veal calves, can be estimated from the measurement of the fasting heat production (FHP) (9) or from extrapolating regression equations to zero ME intake or zero energy retention. However, values for FHP often include a contribution of physical activity and depend on the length of fasting whereas the regression method is not very accurate for estimating maintenance requirement (10) as it needs data in a wide range of ME intakes both above and below maintenance. Data on the latter are very scarce in the literature. The FHP, which is thought to be representative of the BMR (11) , corresponds to the minimum energy expenditure of resting, healthy, non-reproductive, fasting and adult animals that are in a thermoneutral environment during the inac...

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Energy cost of standing and circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf: whole animal and tissue level1

Circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf: whole animal and tissue level1

Adaptation of whole animal energy metabolism to undernutrition in ewes: influence of time and posture

Fasting heat production and energy cost of standing activity in veal calves

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