Energy Demand of the Road Transport Sector of Saudi Arabia—Application of a Causality-Based Machine Learning Model to Ensure Sustainable Environment

Abstract

The road transportation sector in Saudi Arabia has been observing a surging growth of demand trends for the last couple of decades. The main objective of this article is to extract insightful information for the country’s policymakers through a comprehensive investigation of the rising energy trends. In the first phase, it employs econometric analysis to provide the causal relationship between the energy demand of the road transportation sector and different socio-economic elements, including the gross domestic product (GDP), number of registered vehicles, total population, the population in the urban agglomeration, and fuel price. Then, it estimates future energy demand for the sector using two machine-learning models, i.e., artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector regression (SVR). The core features of the future demand model include: (i) removal of the linear trend, (ii) input data projection using a double exponential smoothing technique, and (iii) energy demand prediction using the machine learning models. The findings of the study show that the GDP and urban population have a significant causal relationship with energy demand in the road transportation sector in both the short and long run. The greenhouse gas emissions from the road transportation in Saudi Arabia are directly proportional to energy consumption because the demand is solely met by fossil fuels. Therefore, appropriate policy measures should be taken to reduce energy intensity without compromising the country’s development. In addition, the SVR model outperformed the ANN model in predicting the future energy demand of the sector based on the achieved performance indices. For instance, the correlation coefficients of the SVR and the ANN models were 0.8932 and 0.9925, respectively, for the test datasets. The results show that the SVR is better for predicting energy consumption than the ANN. It is expected that the findings of the study will assist the decision-makers of the country in achieving environmental sustainability goals by initiating appropriate policies.

From theory to practice: An integrated TTF-UTAUT study on electric vehicle adoption behavior

“…According to King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre, the transportation sector’s share of CO2 emission was 21% in 2018. [ 10 ] Rahman et al, [ 11 ] argued that renewable energy is not used on a large scale in Saudi Arabia for road transportation. Consequently, the transport sector is associated with high CO2 and greenhouse emissions.…”

“…In the Middle East region, Saudi Arabia has the highest number of vehicle owners. This increasing number of vehicles will significantly increase the energy demand in road transportation [ 11 ].…”

Estimating the Energy Demand and Carbon Emission Reduction Potential of Singapore’s Future Road Transport Sector

“…Rahman et al [17] conducted a research study to predict the future energy demand of the road transport sector in Saudi Arabia using two machine learning models: ANN and Support Vector Regression (SVR). Additionally, the authors analyzed the causality of the energy demand in this sector with socio-economic parameters, GDP, population of vehicles, total population, and urban population.…”