Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, fluoride release, and antimicrobial properties of glass ionomer cements indicated for atraumatic restorative treatment

Abstract

Aim:The aim of this study was to compare constituents of glass powder, fluoride release, and antimicrobial properties of new atraumatic restorative treatment material with zirconia fillers and conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) type IX.Materials and Methods:Thisin vitro study comparing Zirconomer and Fuji IX was executed in three parts: (1) energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of glass powders (2) analysis of fluoride release at 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, and 30th day, and (3) antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, and Candida albicans at 48 hours. Data was analyzed using unpaired t-test and two way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post hoc test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed that, in both Zirconomer and Fuji IX glass powders, mean atomic percentage of oxygen was more than 50%. According to the weight percentage, zirconium in Zirconomer and silica in Fuji IX were the second main elements. Calcium, zinc, and zirconium were observed only in Zirconomer. At all the time intervals, statistically significant higher amount of fluoride release was observed with Zirconomer than Fuji IX. At 48 hours, mean ± standard deviation (SD) of zone of inhibition against Streptococcus mutans was 11.14 ± 0.77 mm and 8.51 ± 0.43 mm for Zirconomer and Fuji IX, respectively. Against Lactobacillus casei, it was 14.06 ± 0.71 mm for Zirconomer and 11.70 ± 0.39 mm for Fuji IX. No antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans by Zirconomer and Fuji IX.Conclusion:Zirconomer had higher antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei, which may be attributed to its composition and higher fluoride release. However, it failed to show antifungal effect againstCandida albicans.

The effect of ionizing radiation on properties of fluoride-releasing restorative materials

“…13 In this study, the initial fluoride release of GCP Glass Fill, Amalgomer CR, Zirconomer, and Fuji IX materials occurred as a burst effect, in accordance with previous studies. 13,14,15,16,28 The highest fluoride release values were observed from Zirconomer in the Non-IR and IR subgroups on the first day, which may be attributed to its chemical composition as found in previous studies. 15,17 The fluoride release may provide antibacterial property to the restorative materials.…”

“…The use of fluoride-releasing restorative materials has gradually increased because of the inhibitory effects of fluoride on caries 5,11,13 while several laboratory studies have been also performed to evaluate the amount of fluoride release from the materials. 13,14,15,16,27 It has been reported that the higher fluoride release of GICs could provide higher antibacterial activity. 15,17 The fluoride release of restorative materials differs based on various factors such as material type, chemical composition, powder-liquid ratio used during material preparation, mixing method, surface area of material exposed to the environment, storage medium, pH of the environment or storage medium, surface treatment, and finishing procedures.…”

“…13,14,15,16,27 It has been reported that the higher fluoride release of GICs could provide higher antibacterial activity. 15,17 The fluoride release of restorative materials differs based on various factors such as material type, chemical composition, powder-liquid ratio used during material preparation, mixing method, surface area of material exposed to the environment, storage medium, pH of the environment or storage medium, surface treatment, and finishing procedures. 13,28 The ionizing radiation may be one of these factors.…”

“…29 It is well established that GICs show the highest amount of fluoride release on the first day and then it rapidly decreases and stabilizes after three to four weeks. [13][14][15][16]28 This phenomenon is called burst effect, which is the rapid elution of fluoride as a result of the acid base reaction on the glass particle' surface. 13 In this study, the initial fluoride release of GCP Glass Fill, Amalgomer CR, Zirconomer, and Fuji IX materials occurred as a burst effect, in accordance with previous studies.…”

“…As a result, high viscosity GIC, ceramic reinforced GIC, zirconia reinforced GIC, and calcium fluorapatite nanocrystals-reinforced GIC (Glass carbomer) have been developed. 15,16,17 One of the recent developments in the fluoride-releasing restorative materials has been the introduction of the giomer materials. Giomer is a hybridized material of GIC and composite resin, containing surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) filler particles within a resin matrix.…”