Energy Efficiency and Coverage Trade-Off in 5G for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Cellular Networks

Alsharif, Mohammed H.; Kelechi, Anabi Hilary; Kim, Jeong; Kim, Jin Hong

doi:10.3390/sym11030408

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Driving this exponential rise is video, as more people around the world stream at higher bandwidth for longer periods. Research on ICT suggests that streaming media will constitute 74 percent of mobile data traffic in 2024 (Alsharif et al 2019). As well as increased smartphone use, high-definition (HD) video is feeding this surge.…”

Section: Calculating and Mitigating Our Streaming Carbon Footprintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streaming Media’s Environmental Impact

Marks¹,

Clark²,

Livingston³

et al. 2020

Media+Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This group of articles, which arose from a panel planned for the 2020 annual meeting of members of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies, draws attention to an unpopular but inescapable issue: the adverse environmental effects of streaming media. Four of these brief interventions focus on streaming media's carbon footprint, estimated by some to be 1 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (The Shift Project 2019). This startling figure is rising at a calamitous rate as more people around the world stream more media at higher bandwidth-now exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Another factor in streaming media's environmental impact is even less welcome: the deleterious effects of higher levels of electromagnetic frequencies that media corporations' turn to fifth-generation (5G) wireless technology would exacerbate. These effects are well documented yet almost universally ignored. Despite all these findings, the notion abides that digital media are immaterial. Laura U. Marks introduces the research challenges involved in calculating the carbon footprint of streaming media and suggests actions consumers and media makers can take to mitigate this environmental threat. Joseph Clark discusses the implications of digitizing huge amounts of archival film and connects material histories of news film production, distribution, and preservation or disposal to contemporary issues of digital storage, streaming, and energy use, using the newsreel archive as a case study. Jason Livingston's contribution expands on his droll and disturbing video lecture, which presents a speculative app for mobile phones that tracks streaming, correlates it to energy use and CO 2 emissions, and suggests methods to mitigate usage. Denise Oleksijczuk introduces scientific research on the health and environmental impacts of high levels of electromagnetic frequencies and suggests ways, including creative practice, to break through the resistance to these findings among telecommunications companies, governments, and the public. Lucas Hilderbrand focuses on best practices in teaching: how to educate our students Laura U. Marks' most recent book is Hanan al-Cinema: Affections for the Moving Image (MIT, 2015). She programs experimental media art for venues around the world and is the founder of the Small File Media Festival and a founding member of the Substantial Motion Research Network. Marks

show abstract

Section: Calculating and Mitigating Our Streaming Carbon Footprintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streaming Media’s Environmental Impact

Marks¹,

Clark²,

Livingston³

et al. 2020

Media+Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Large MIMO technology is not only spectrum efficient but energy efficient as well. As the number of BS antennas increases, the received SINR increases linearly [24][25][26]. Figure 6 summarizes the data rate that can be achieved with various numbers of antennas for different BWs at the edge of cell 1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks

Alsharif¹,

Yahya²,

Chaudhry³

2020

IJECE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper evaluates the impact of multi-5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular networks. Both the proposed model and the analysis of the EE in this study take into account (i) the path losses, fading, and shadowing that affect the received signal at the user equipment (UE) within the same cell, and (ii) the interference effects of adjacent cells. In addition, the concepts of new technologies such as large MIMO in millimeter range communication have also been considered. The simulation results show that the interference from adjacent cells can degrade the EE of a multi-cell cellular network. With the high interference the number of bits that will be transferred per joule of energy is 1.29 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz bandwidth and 16 transmit antennas. While, with a 1 GHz bandwidth the transfer rate increases to 5.17 Mb/J. Whereas, with 64 transmit antennas the EE improved to 5.17 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz BW and 20.70 Mb/J with a 1 GHz BW. These results provide insight into the impact of the number of antennas in millimeter range communication and the interference from adjacent cells on achieving real gains in the EE of multi-5G small cells cellular network.

show abstract

“…Prior efforts have been made to analyze the QoS of LTE network, both from the theoretical perspective and the field trial experiments [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. LTE QoS simulation analysis, focusing on the LTE spectrum assigned to the Malaysian operators, which is 2.6 GHz was performed by [9].…”

Section: Related Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network operators in Abuja-Nigeria

Kelechi

Samson

Matthew

et al. 2021

IJECE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, the real-world performance analysis of four Nigerian mobile network operators (MNOs), namely MTN, GLO, Airtel, and 9Mobile long-term evolution (LTE) cellular network, were analyzed and compared. The Nigerian MNOs utilize 5 MHz, 10 MH, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths based on third-generation partnership project’s (3 GPPs) recommendation. The presented analysis shows the uplink (UL), and downlink (DL) throughputs gaps in mobility condition as well as other LTE’s system quality of service (QoS) key performance indicators (KPI’s) of: Connection drop rate, connection failure rate, peak physical downlink throughput, minimum radio link control (RLC) downlink throughput threshold and latency are not strictly followed. The reason may be due to a lack of regulatory oversight enforcement. The comparative studies showed that MTN provides the best QoS. The introduction of novel LTE QoS metrics herein referred to as national independent wireless broadband quality reporting (NIWBQR) is the significant contribution of this study. The goal of this study is to show the quality of the network as it affects the user's experience. Important observation showed that all the MNOs are not adhering to the 3 GPPs specified user plane latency of 30 ms and control plane latency of 100 ms, respectively, which makes video streaming and low latency communication a near-impossible task.

show abstract

Energy Efficiency and Coverage Trade-Off in 5G for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Cellular Networks

Cited by 34 publications

References 40 publications

Streaming Media’s Environmental Impact

Streaming Media’s Environmental Impact

Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks

The quality of service of the deployed LTE technology by mobile network operators in Abuja-Nigeria

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About