Energy efficiency improvements in ammonia production—perspectives and uncertainties

Islam, Rafiqul; Weber, Christoph; Lehmann, Bianca; Voß, Alfred

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2004.12.004

Cited by 375 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…tons of product) (e.g. Worrell et al 1994;Patterson 1998;Rafiqul et al 2005;Salta et al 2009). SEC is mostly determined at country/sector level (e.g.…”

Section: Energy Efficiency Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking energy use in the paper industry: a benchmarking study on process unit level

Laurijssen¹,

Faaij

Worrell

2012

Energy Efficiency

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There are large differences between paper mills in, e.g. feedstock use and grades produced, but typical processes are similar in all mills. The aim of this study is to benchmark the specific energy consumption (SEC) of similar processes within different paper mills in order to identify energy improvement potentials at process level. We have defined improvement potentials as measures that can be taken at mill/ process level under assumed fixed inputs and outputs. We were able to use industrial data on detailed process level, and we conducted energy benchmarking comparisons in 23 Dutch paper mills. We calculated average SECs per process step for different paper grades, and we were able to identify ranges in SECs between mills producing the same grade. We found significant opportunities for energy efficiency improvement in the wire and press section as well as in the drying section. The total energy improvement potential based on identified best practices in these sections was estimated at 5.4 PJ (or 15 % of the total primary energy use in the selected mills). Energy use in the other processes was found to be too dependent on quality and product specifications to be able to quantify improvement potentials. Our results emphasise that even a benchmark on detailed process level does not lead to clear estimations of energy improvement potentials without accounting for structural effects and without having a decent understanding of the process.

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“…tons of product) (e.g. Worrell et al 1994;Patterson 1998;Rafiqul et al 2005;Salta et al 2009). SEC is mostly determined at country/sector level (e.g.…”

Section: Energy Efficiency Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking energy use in the paper industry: a benchmarking study on process unit level

Laurijssen¹,

Faaij

Worrell

2012

Energy Efficiency

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show abstract

“…Both these processes require a major input of energy, either in the form of heat or electricity, and consequently cause a significant concomitant pollution derived from the combustion of fossil fuels for heat and electricity generation. The total energy requirement is in the range 28-166 GJ t 21 NH 3 [7,15]. Furthermore, the severe process conditions require sophisticated high-pressure and high-temperature machinery that is operated in large-scale centralized plants producing typically 1000-3000 t NH 3 day 21 [7,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total energy requirement is in the range 28-166 GJ t 21 NH 3 [7,15]. Furthermore, the severe process conditions require sophisticated high-pressure and high-temperature machinery that is operated in large-scale centralized plants producing typically 1000-3000 t NH 3 day 21 [7,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both sugar, a major product of natural photosynthesis, and protein are the central components of global food and biofuel production. In turn, synthetic ammonia is one of the major products of the chemical industry [7] that is mainly used as a fertilizer [8]. Additionally, NH 3 is an energy carrier formed via reduction of N 2 , analogous to the products of photosynthesis, such as CO and hydrocarbon fuels via reduction of CO 2 and splitting of H 2 O.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, NH 3 may find application as a hydrogen carrier [9,10] and as a fuel for alkaline fuel cells [11,12] and in internal combustion engines [13,14] (http://nh3fuelassociation.org/2013/06/20/the-amveh-an-ammoniafueled-car-from-south-korea/). Currently, NH 3 is produced industrially from N 2 and H 2 via the catalytic Haber-Bosch process at up to 300 bar and 400-5008C [7,[15][16][17][18]. The overall process is characterized by the high energy consumption associated with the production of the reactants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rational design of metal nitride redox materials for solar-driven ammonia synthesis

2015

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Fixed nitrogen is an essential chemical building block for plant and animal protein, which makes ammonia (NH 3 ) a central component of synthetic fertilizer for the global production of food and biofuels. A global project on artificial photosynthesis may foster the development of production technologies for renewable NH 3 fertilizer, hydrogen carrier and combustion fuel. This article presents an alternative path for the production of NH 3 from nitrogen, water and solar energy. The process is based on a thermochemical redox cycle driven by concentrated solar process heat at 700–1200°C that yields NH 3 via the oxidation of a metal nitride with water. The metal nitride is recycled via solar-driven reduction of the oxidized redox material with nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. We employ electronic structure theory for the rational high-throughput design of novel metal nitride redox materials and to show how transition-metal doping controls the formation and consumption of nitrogen vacancies in metal nitrides. We confirm experimentally that iron doping of manganese nitride increases the concentration of nitrogen vacancies compared with no doping. The experiments are rationalized through the average energy of the dopant d-states, a descriptor for the theory-based design of advanced metal nitride redox materials to produce sustainable solar thermochemical ammonia.

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Decarbonizing the Industry with Green Hydrogen

Altaf,

Demir,

Colak

et al. 2024

Towards Green Hydrogen Generation

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Energy efficiency improvements in ammonia production—perspectives and uncertainties

Cited by 375 publications

References 3 publications

Benchmarking energy use in the paper industry: a benchmarking study on process unit level

Benchmarking energy use in the paper industry: a benchmarking study on process unit level

Rational design of metal nitride redox materials for solar-driven ammonia synthesis

Decarbonizing the Industry with Green Hydrogen

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