Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles

Abstract

Photo cells in a glass roof generate electricity, even at lower intensity of solar radiation this current operates using a fan in a vehicle. In this way the vehicle interior has a constant supply of fresh air and pleasant temperatures up to % lower , although the motor vehicle is turned off so that fuel economy is evident. The solar roof is only the beginning, while the development of city cars is going toward solar vehicles prototype.A solar vehicle is an electric vehicle powered completely or significantly by direct solar energy. Usually, photovoltaic PV cells contained in solar panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy. The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle's propilsion. Solar power may be also used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions.Another concept that has been developing over the years is a kinetic energy recovery system, often known simply as KERS. KERS is an automotive system for recovering a moving vehicle's kinetic energy under braking. The recovered energy is stored in a reservoir for example a flyeheel or a batterry or supercapacitor for later use under acceleration. Electrical systems use a motor-generator incorporated in the car s transmission which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Once the energy has been harnessed, it is stored in a battery and released when required. The mechanical KERS system utilizes flywheel technology to recover and store a moving vehicle s kinetic energy which is otherwise wasted when the vehicle is decelerated. Compared to the alternative of electrical-battery systems, the mechanical KERS system provides a significantly more compact, efficient, lighter and environmentally-friendly solution. There is one other option available -hydraulic KERS, where braking energy is used to accumulate hydraulic pressure which is then sent to the wheels when required.Development of new components, improved connections and electric engine control algorithms allow increase of efficiency of power convertors, therefore electric engine itself, to the maximum theoretical limits. New generation improvements of electric engine system has an impact on price, however investment quickly pays off during operating.Major efforts are invested in the development of high energy density batteries with minimum ESR. Also, current research show that fuel cells have reached needed performances for commercial use in electric vehicles. Supercapacitors that provide high power density increase the acceleration of vehicle as well as collecting all the energy from instant braking, therefore improvements of the characteristics of power supply are made.Modern electric vehicles have full information system that has constant modifications and does monitoring of inside and outside parameters in order to achieve maximum energy savings. Except for smart sensors, it is highly important to process GPS signals and route selection on the criterion of minimum energy consumpt...

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