Energy-Efficient Base-Stations Sleep-Mode Techniques in Green Cellular Networks: A Survey

Abstract

Due to global climate change as well as economic concern of network operators, energy consumption of the infrastructure of cellular networks, or "Green Cellular Networking," has become a popular research topic. While energy saving can be achieved by adopting renewable energy resources or improving design of certain hardware (e.g., power amplifier) to make it more energy-efficient, the cost of purchasing, replacing, and installing new equipment (including manpower, transportation, disruption to normal operation, as well as associated energy and direct cost) is often prohibitive. By comparison, approaches that work on the operating protocols of the system do not require changes to current network architecture, making them far less costly and easier for testing and implementation. In this survey, we first present facts and figures that highlight the importance of green mobile networking and then review existing green cellular networking research with particular focus on techniques that incorporate the concept of the "sleep mode" in base stations. It takes advantage of changing traffic patterns on daily or weekly basis and selectively switches some lightly loaded base stations to low energy consumption modes. As base stations are responsible for the large amount of energy consumed in cellular networks, these approaches have the potential to save a significant amount of energy, as shown in various studies. However, it is noticed that certain simplifying assumptions made in the published papers introduce inaccuracies. This review will discuss these assumptions, particularly, an assumption that ignores the effect of traffic-load-dependent factors on energy consumption. We show here that considering this effect may lead to noticeably lower benefit than in models that ignore this effect. Finally, potential future research directions are discussed.

Efisiensi Energi Pada Jaringan Seluler Dengan Teknik Base-Station Sleep-Mode: Studi Literatur

“…akan tetapi BS yang memiliki aktifitas kecil maupun tanpa aktifitas memakan 90% dari energi puncak. Dalam mengurangi jumlah konsumsi energi pada jaringan seluler lima kategori pendekatan yang telah diklasifikasikan pada penelitian-penelitan sebelumnya, antara lain: meningkatkan efisiensi energi pada komponen hardware, mematikan beberapa komponen secara selektif, optimasi pada efisiensi energi pada proses transmisi radio, merencanakan dan mengimplementasikan heterogenous cell, mengadopsi penggunaan energi terbarukan [2].…”

“…akan tetapi BS yang memiliki aktifitas kecil maupun tanpa aktifitas memakan 90% dari energi puncak. Dalam mengurangi jumlah konsumsi energi pada jaringan seluler lima kategori pendekatan yang telah diklasifikasikan pada penelitian-penelitan sebelumnya, antara lain: meningkatkan efisiensi energi pada komponen hardware, mematikan beberapa komponen secara selektif, optimasi pada efisiensi energi pada proses transmisi radio, merencanakan dan mengimplementasikan heterogenous cell, mengadopsi penggunaan energi terbarukan [2].Pada jaringan seluler yang ada, Base-Station (BS) selalu menyala meskipun perbedaan dalam dalam penggunaan trafik dari lokasi satu dengan yang lain dan dari waktu ke waktu memiliki perbedaan yag fluktuatif sehigga hal seperti ini sangat membuang energi [3]. BS sleeping strategy merupakan salah satu solusi yang menjanjikan dalam mengurangi penggunaan energi dan dampak polusi yang terjadi karena penggunaan energi tersebut, sebagai contoh dengan melakukan basic on/off switching pada BS yang memiliki load rendah dan mengalihkan layanan ke BS terdekat untuk menjaga QoS minimum yang harus dipenuhi [1] .…”

Life is Short: The Impact of Power States on Base Station Lifetime

“…We then consider the second term AF t of Equation (8). According to Equation (2), the failure rate due to power transitions between state i and state j can be defined as…”

“…At the same time, both coverage and traffic requirements are guaranteed by the neighboring BSs that remain powered on. The efficacy and efficiency of BS SM has been extensively studied by previous work (see for example the survey [8]). …”

Energy-Saving Management Mechanism Based on Hybrid Energy Supplies for LTE Heterogeneous Networks

“…With the development of cellular network technologies, LTE heterogeneous networks are commercially deployed step by step, and how to manage BS energy is getting more and more attention as well. Currently, ES approaches for BSs mainly include five categories, which are improvement on hardware components, sleep mode technologies, optimization in radio transmission process, network planning and deployment, and adoption of renewable energy resources [3]. As sleep mode techniques and renewable energy supplies are two research focuses, which do not require equipment upgrade and benefit from low capital costs, so this paper mainly concentrates on these two issues.…”