Energy-efficient node selection in application-driven WSN

Abstract

The growth of wireless networks has resulted in part from requirements for connecting people and advances in radio technologies. Wireless sensor networks are an example of these networks in which a large number of tiny devices interacting with their environments may be internetworked together and accessible through the Internet. As these devices may be scattered in an unplanned way, a routing protocol is needed. The RPL protocol is the IETF proposed standard protocol for IPv6-based multi-hop WSN. RPL requires that communication paths go through a central router which may provide suboptimal paths, not considering the characteristics of the applications the nodes run. In this paper is proposed an Application-Driven extension to RPL which enables to increase the WSN lifetime by limiting the routing and forwarding functions of the network mainly to nodes running the same application. As nodes may join a network at a non predictable time, they must be synchronized with respect to their application duty cycles. Therefore, nodes have to wake up and sleep in a synchronized way. In this paper it is also proposed such synchronization mechanism. The results confirm that the proposed solutions provide lower energy consumption and lower number of packets exchanged than the conventional RPL solution, while maintaining fairness and the packet reception ratio high.

Synchronization of application-driven WSN

“…11a, sink node A issues a query (Q k,j ) before sink node B. The query packet is disseminated through the network as expected using the RPL-BMARQ routing solution [7]. Sensor nodes C and D, which run this sink's application, set their virtual clock to the timestamp carried out by the packet.…”

“…In [6] and in [7], two different applications were used in three different scenarios, being the nodes distributed as shown in Fig. 28.…”

“…33 shows the box plot for QSR. In this figure,(1) the results using the standard RPL routing protocol, (2) the results using RPL-BMARQ solution proposed in [7] without the synchronization mechanism implemented, and (3) the results using the same RPL-BMARQ solution fully implemented are showed. As it can be observed, in average, 98.8% of the queries sent by sinks are replied by sensor nodes.…”

“…In [7], we proposed an extension to the RPL routing protocol, the RPL-BMARQ, with the purpose of making the network aware of the traffic generated by applications. The main objective of this extension was to construct directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), by using information shared by the application and network layers, allowing the nodes to select parents by considering the applications they run.…”

Modeling and Simulation of an Autonomous Power Manager for Sensor Networks

“…Several experiments of energy management [15]- [17] and real-time scheduling [18] are conducted. However, despite those energy-efficient architectures, few tools are available to test them.…”