Energy, environmental and economical saving potential of data centers with various economizers across Australia

Khalaj, Ali Habibi; Scherer, Thomas; Halgamuge, Saman K.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.053

Cited by 57 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The comparison of the comprehensive indexes of Australia's economy and ecological environment in 2007-2011 showed that the L value hovered between 0.5 and 1.0 and that severe types of extreme damage, serious damage, and shortage alternately occurred. This finding showed that unreasonable economic development led to the destruction of the ecological environment during this period and that the Australian Government was continuously adjusting the relationship between them [30]. From 2012 to 2014, the contrasting relationship between energy and the ecological environment exhibited an enhanced and abundant development trend [31].…”

Section: Contrastive Relation For Coupling and Coordinationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Coupling and Coordination Development of Australian Energy, Economy, and Ecological Environment Systems from 2007 to 2016

Yan

Chen

2019

Sustainability

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Energy, economy and ecological environment complement each other. The coupling and coordination development of them would provide basis for the rational use of energy, economic development, and the protection and restoration of the ecological environment. In this study, the coupling and coordination development of the Australian energy, economy, and ecological environment from 2007 to 2016 were quantitatively investigated by constructing a coupling coordination model based on coupling theory. Results showed that: (1) Australia's comprehensive evaluation index of energy, economy, and ecological environment exhibited an increasing trend. The rising trend of the energy index was obvious, the economy was relatively stable, and the comprehensive evaluation index of the ecological environment strongly fluctuated. (2) The development of energy and the economy, and that of energy and the ecological environment were gradually coordinated, and many unbalanced development patterns were found between the economy and the ecological environment. (3) Four types of coordination were observed in the three subsystems, among them, the barely coordinated categories repeated most often and the coordination degree of the three subsystems tended to grow from the global perspective. Energy, economy, and ecological environment interacted, limited, and promoted one another to form a complex system, through proper coordination, these three subsystems can jointly promote the sustainable development of society in Australia.The academic community's research on energy, the economy, and the environment has experienced the process of "single system-binary system-ternary system." Kraft and Kraft [3] first investigated the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. Grossman and Krueger [4] observed that economic growth and environment quality exhibit an inverted U-shaped curve, which Panayotou [5] called the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship. These studies mainly focused on the binary systems of energy-economy, economy-environment, and environment-energy. With the increasing awareness on energy, the economy, and the ecological environment, people have realized that these binary systems are insufficient to comprehensively and systematically investigate the coordinated development of energy, the economy, and the environment. Therefore, many energy research and environmental protection institutes have cooperated with economists to construct a research framework of the three subsystems and conduct comprehensive research on their coordinated development. In 1995, Hawdon and Pearson [6] investigated the complex relationship between energy, the environment, and economic welfare by using input-output simulations. Oliveira and Antunes presented a multi objective model [7] and a multisectoral energy-economy-environment model [8] and used them to evaluate the effects of economic structure and energy system changes on the environment. Since then, the study of the relationship between the three subsystems has become a new resea...

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Section: Contrastive Relation For Coupling and Coordinationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Coupling and Coordination Development of Australian Energy, Economy, and Ecological Environment Systems from 2007 to 2016

Yan

Chen

2019

Sustainability

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“…They concluded that an ASE with additional mechanical cooling is the most economical option. Khalaj et al [19] studied energy, exergy, environment, and economic impact of various air-side economizers for DCs in Australia. They concluded with a gradual increase in energy-saving potential as they moved south in the country and a strong correlation between the capital cost and payback period.…”

Section: Racks R R R R Ra a A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and economic assessment of major free cooling retrofits for data centersin Turkey

Gozcu¹,

Erden²

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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Mechanical cooling is responsible for a significant fraction of the energy consumption of data centers (DCs). Free cooling systems take advantage of ambient conditions to reduce the need for compressor-based cooling. This study utilizes thermodynamic models of major free cooling systems such as the direct air-side economizer (ASE), indirect air-side economizer (IASE), indirect evaporative cooler (IEC), and indirect water-side economizer (WSE) integrated with the existing cooling infrastructure of a typical 1 MW IT load DC. Proposed models utilize hourly weather data of various cities in Turkey to compute annual energy consumption and cost-saving potentials of each free cooling method with respect to the baseline DC with both open aisle (OA) and enclosed aisle (EA). Results confirm the energy-saving potential by IEC leading to less than 10% of annual chiller hours across Turkey and less than 1% in half of the ten cities studied, especially in EA DCs. However, despite greater energy-saving potential, IEC has more extended payback periods of 1.5 to 3.7 years due to the high capital investment compared with those of ASE and WSE with less than 1.4 years.

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“…High energy consumption can be attributed primarily to the IT demands and cooling equipment, as well as lighting, power distribution and other requirements. The cooling system alone may account for up to 40% in average of the energy demands of a data centre [9,10], with the most efficient systems using 24% of the total energy and the least efficient 61% [10]. The power is distributed to chillers, cooling towers and water pumps [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Data Centre Energy Consumption under the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency

2017

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Climate change is recognised as one of the key challenges humankind is facing. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector including data centres generates up to 2% of the global CO 2 emissions, a number on par to the aviation sector contribution, and data centres are estimated to have the fastest growing carbon footprint from across the whole ICT sector, mainly due to technological advances such as the cloud computing and the rapid growth of the use of Internet services. There are no recent estimations of the total energy consumption of the European data centre and of their energy efficiency. The aim of this paper is to evaluate, analyse and present the current trends in energy consumption and efficiency in data centres in the European Union using the data submitted by companies participating in the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency programme, a voluntary initiative created in 2008 in response to the increasing energy consumption in data centres and the need to reduce the related environmental, economic and energy supply security impacts. The analysis shows that the average Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of the facilities participating in the programme is declining year after year. This confirms that voluntary approaches could be effective in addressing climate and energy issue.

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Energy, environmental and economical saving potential of data centers with various economizers across Australia

Cited by 57 publications

References 39 publications

Coupling and Coordination Development of Australian Energy, Economy, and Ecological Environment Systems from 2007 to 2016

Coupling and Coordination Development of Australian Energy, Economy, and Ecological Environment Systems from 2007 to 2016

Energy and economic assessment of major free cooling retrofits for data centersin Turkey

Trends in Data Centre Energy Consumption under the European Code of Conduct for Data Centre Energy Efficiency

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