Energy Intake and Satiety Responses of Eggs for Breakfast in Overweight and Obese Adults—A Crossover Study

Abstract

The type of food eaten for breakfast may determine the amount of food consumed at the next meal. This may be important when considering dietary advice for overweight and obese individuals who are trying to lose weight. The aim of the study was to investigate the energy intake and subjective sensations of hunger using a visual analogue scale (VAS) of a breakfast meal of eggs compared with a breakfast meal of cereal in overweight Australian adults. In a cross-over study, participants attended the University of South Australia’s Clinical Trial Facility on two separate days, one week apart. On each day participants consumed one of two isoenergetic breakfasts (1800 kJ), either eggs and toast or cereal with milk and orange juice. Fifty overweight or obese participants, 44 ± 21 years, 86 ± 14 kg, with a body mass index (BMI) of 31 ± 4 kg/m2 completed both study visits. Energy intake following the egg breakfast was significantly reduced compared with the cereal breakfast (4518 vs. 5283 kJ, p = 0.001). BMI and gender were unrelated to these effects. The sensation of hunger was less after the egg breakfast (p = 0.028 for diet by time interaction) and returned more quickly after the cereal breakfast. There were no effects of gender or age. Energy intake was reduced at an ad libitum lunch meal 4 hours after a breakfast meal containing eggs. The findings suggest that satiety responses of overweight and obese are not different to non-obese participants as our study confirms findings from studies conducted in different populations. Determining which foods may help overweight and obese individuals manage their food intake is important for diet planning.

The association between egg consumption and metabolic health status in overweight and obese adolescents

“…Additionally, a recently published nested case-control study on 3401 cardiovascular disease (CVD) cases and 1377 controls revealed that moderate egg consumption in the Chinese population had protective effects on CVD markers 35 . A recent crossover trial on Australian adults has also showed that after eating egg for breakfast, overweight and obese individuals had a lower energy intake at lunch meal in comparison to those who consumed a cereal breakfast; this trial suggested that egg consumption may help overweight and obese subjects manage their food intake to lose weight 36 . In contrast, in another crossover trial conducted on children and adolescents, lunch meal intake after a breakfast with egg was not Table 5.…”

No Difference in Weight Loss, Glucose, Lipids and Vitamin D of Eggs for Breakfast Compared with Cereal for Breakfast during Energy Restriction

“…A potential benefit of eggs eaten at breakfast may be that they can help satisfy hunger and improve satiety. In an earlier study, we demonstrated that when eggs were eaten for breakfast there was a significantly reduced energy intake at lunch compared with a cereal breakfast with the same energy content (4518 ± 1593 vs. 5284 ± 1814, p = 0.001) [8].…”

The Effect of Cold Press Juice Consumption During Snack Time on Hunger Level and Food Intake Based on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

“…Subjects with BMI between 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m 2 were categorized as NO, while subjects with BMI above 25 kg/m 2 were categorized as OW/OB groups. Subjects were also required to fill in a screening questionnaire consisting of questions about their personal information (gender, age, occupation), their general medical history, eating patterns, and lifestyle habits [19]. Additionally, subjects were excluded if they had a medical condition that required them to take medicine that could influence their appetite, nutrition absorption, body mass, and/or mood.…”

“…The subjects were served a buffet-like setting consisting of spaghetti and Bolognese sauce as the menu and they could freely take the amount of food on their plates (Table 2 present the nutritional composition per portion). The lunch was weighed, and the food left on the plate was also weighed [19] in order to calculate the exact amount of the food consumed by the subject. The food consumed by each participant was then calculated to measure their total lunch (calories, protein, carbohydrate, and fat) intake.…”

“…Originally, this measurement tool consists of 8 questions assessing hunger, satiety, fullness, desire for food, as well as the desire to eat sweet, salty, savoury, and fatty foods [23]. The subjects' hunger level was measured within a 30-minute interval at 11-time points, starting from 0 minutes (30 minutes before snacking) at 09.30 until 14.30 (+300 minutes) or 30 minutes after lunch [19] Subjects were required to fill out the scale by marking the interval between 0 to10 cm according to their condition. The anchored two ends of the line state the two opposing statements answering a specific question (Table 3).…”