Energy Management and Control of Electric Vehicles, Using Hybrid Power Source in Regenerative Braking Operation

Abstract

Today's battery powered electric vehicles still face many issues: (1) Ways of improving the regenerative braking energy; (2) how to maximally extend the driving-range of electric vehicles (EVs) and prolong the service life of batteries; (3) how to satisfy the energy requirements of the EVs both in steady and dynamic state. The electrochemical double-layer capacitors, also called ultra-capacitors (UCs), have the merits of high energy density and instantaneous power output capability, and are usually combined with power battery packs to form a hybrid power supply system (HPSS). The power circuit topology of the HPSS has been illustrated in this paper. In the proposed HPSS, all the UCs are in series, which may cause an imbalanced voltage distribution of each unit, moreover, the energy allocation between the batteries and UCs should also be considered. An energy-management scheme to solve this problem has been presented. Moreover, due to the parameter variations caused by temperature changes and produced errors, the modelling procedure of the HPSS becomes very difficult, so an H ∞ current controller is presented. The proposed hybrid power source circuit is implemented on a laboratory hardware setup using a digital signal processor (DSP). Simulation and experimental results have been put forward to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the approach. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 4301

The Kinetic Energy Storage as an Energy Buffer for Electric Vehicles

“…Electric batteries offer either high specific energy capacity to cover acceptable mileage or high specific power to follow typical driving discharge/ charge cycle demands, but not both. Hybridization of the energy source is one widespread nowadays solution and a common strategy would be to combine an electric battery with an additional high-power source usually mechanical devices as kinetic energy storage -flywheels (KES) [2,3], or electrical device -super-capacitors, for example [4][5][6]. Based on its utilization in F1 competition KES systems gain popularity and there are signs from automakers for introducing the KES into mass production [7,8].…”

Downhill Speed Control of In-Wheel Motor during Regenerative Braking

“…Kp, Ki and Kd are coefficients that are determined by experiment in the study. PID controller equation is given in (13). Speed control of 300 kg weight an electric vehicle on 3º, 4º and 5º slopes downhill at 30 km/h speed and has 53 cm diameter of wheel is calculated as (14), (15) and (16):…”

A new strategy for battery and supercapacitor energy management for an urban electric vehicle

“…Besides they are costly and incapable of accepting the regenerative energy during EV braking or downhill driving [3,4]. On the other hand supercapacitors (SCs) offer several gains over electrolytic capacitors amid which high energy, efficiency, as well as extended durability [5]. Batteries (BTs) remain as the main energy storage devices in transportation applications.…”